Associated Factors for Non-Communicable Diseases: A Comprehensive Analysis of Mental, Behavioral, Biological, and Sociodemographic Determinants
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56338/mppki.v9i9.11006Keywords:
Non-communicable Diseases, Risk Factors, Metabolic Syndrome, Mental HealthAbstract
Introduction: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of death and disability in Indonesia, placing a growing burden on the healthcare system and economy. This study examined the sociodemographic and health-related factors associated with NCDs among adults aged 35 years and older, using cross-sectional data from the national health survey.
Methods: This study was a secondary analysis of the 2018 Indonesian Basic Health Research, a national survey that employed systematic two-stage random sampling. The analysis included 177,919 adults aged 35 years and older. Complex-sample multivariable binary logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with NCDs. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated after adjustment for potential confounders.
Results: Individuals aged ≥55 years had twice the odds of reporting NCDs compared with younger adults (aOR: 2.025; 95% CI: 1.888–2.172). Participants presenting four metabolic syndrome (MetS) components had more than fivefold higher odds of NCDs (95% CI: 4.822–7.153). Individuals with mental health conditions (MHCs) had 2.6-fold higher odds of NCDs than those without MHCs. Former smokers had more than twice the odds of NCDs compared with current smokers. Being male, employed, and in the highest spending group were independently associated with 1.3- to 1.5-fold higher odds of NCDs. In contrast, engaging in physical activity at or below the World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended level was associated with lower odds of NCDs.
Conclusion: Older age, MetS, MHCs, former smoking, male sex, employment, and higher socioeconomic status were independently associated with increased odds of NCDs, whereas physical activity was associated with lower odds. The strong association between MetS and NCDs highlights the importance of early metabolic risk screening and integrated interventions addressing metabolic health, mental health, smoking cessation, and physical activity to reduce the burden of NCDs.
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