Association of Protein Intake with Anemia among Adolescent Girls in Indonesia: A Systematic Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56338/mppki.v9i8.10229Keywords:
Anemia, Protein Intake, Haemoglobin, Adolescent Girls, Systematic ReviewAbstract
Introduction: Anemia remains highly prevalent among adolescent girls. Protein intake influence haemoglobin synthesis, iron transport, and overall diet quality. However, evidence regarding the association between protein intake and anemia remains inconsistent. The aim of this study was to examine the association between protein intake and anemia among adolescent girls in Indonesia.
Methods: A systematic review was undertaken with the PRISMA. The literature searched in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar from inception to August 2025. The search used the keywords related to anemia, protein intake, and adolescents. Eligible studies included Indonesian adolescent girls aged 10–19 years that assessed dietary protein intake and reported anemia-related outcomes, including haemoglobin concentration, or iron status indicators such as ferritin or haematocrit. Data were extracted on study characteristics, exposure and outcome assessment, and key findings. Risk of bias was appraised using established checklists corresponding to each included study.
Results: Eighteen studies (2016–2025) met the inclusion criteria. The included studies showed inconsistent findings regarding the association between protein intake and anemia among adolescent girls. Overall, inadequate protein intake tended to be associated with lower haemoglobin levels and higher anemia risk. However, the association became weaker or non-significant after adjustment for iron intake, menstrual characteristics, and other potential confounding factors.
Conclusion: Protein intake appears to be associated with anemia among adolescent girls in Indonesia, particularly when accompanied by adequate iron and micronutrient intake. However, further research using longitudinal and intervention designs are needed to disentangle the specific role of protein intake from other major determinants of anemia.
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