Efficacy and Safety of Cannabidiol for Anxiety: A Bibliometric Analysis and Systematic Review
Abstract
Introduction: A non-psychoactive substance present in the cannabis plant, cannabidiol (CBD), seems to have potential as an anxiolytic agent. This study systematically reviews the efficacy, safety, dosage, mechanisms, and adverse effects of CBD in treating anxiety.
Methods: The PRISMA guideline was used to conduct the review.
Results: A total of 64 articles were included in the study. It showed that CBD works at the endocannabinoid receptors CB1 and 5-HT1A, which regulate mood and reduce anxiety. In animal models, a range dosage of 5 – 10 mg/kg showed a significant anxiolytic effect in behavioral tests, while in humans, 300 mg/day was proven to be effective in treating various types of anxiety disorders. However, individual responses to CBD showed varying results, and demographic characteristics affect the efficacy of animal and human studies. CBD was also considered safer to be used in the short term compared to diazepam, although the long-term effect remains lacking evidence
Conclusion: This study concludes that CBD has potential as an alternative choice for anxiety. Further research is needed in larger populations with rigorous study design and longer study durations to evaluate its effectiveness and ensure its safety.
Recommendations for Future Research: It is hoped that future research can examine the effects of fly resistance and killing on non-target organisms and control environmental conditions.
References
Ma L, Liu M, Liu C, Zhang H, Yang S, An J, et al. Research Progress on the Mechanism of the Antitumor Effects of Cannabidiol. Mol Basel Switz. 2024 Apr 24;29(9). doi: 10.3390/molecules29091943.
Zuardi AW, Shirakawa I, Finkelfarb E, Karniol IG. Action of cannabidiol on the anxiety and other effects produced by delta 9-THC in normal subjects. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1982;76(3):245–50. doi: 10.1007/BF00432554.
Bitencourt RM, Pamplona FA, Takahashi RN. Facilitation of contextual fear memory extinction and anti-anxiogenic effects of AM404 and cannabidiol in conditioned rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol J Eur Coll Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008 Dec;18(12):849–59. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2008.07.001
Campos AC, Guimarães FS. Involvement of 5HT1A receptors in the anxiolytic-like effects of cannabidiol injected into the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray of rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2008 Aug;199(2):223–30. doi: 10.1007/s00213-008-1168-x
De Gregorio D, McLaughlin RJ, Posa L, Ochoa-Sanchez R, Enns J, Lopez-Canul M, et al. Cannabidiol modulates serotonergic transmission and reverses both allodynia and anxiety-like behavior in a model of neuropathic pain. Pain. 2019 Jan;160(1):136–50. 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001386.
Fogaça MV, Reis FMCV, Campos AC, Guimarães FS. Effects of intra-prelimbic prefrontal cortex injection of cannabidiol on anxiety-like behavior: involvement of 5HT1A receptors and previous stressful experience. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol J Eur Coll Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014 Mar;24(3):410–9. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.10.012.
Guimarães FS, de Aguiar JC, Mechoulam R, Breuer A. Anxiolytic effect of cannabidiol derivatives in the elevated plus-maze. Gen Pharmacol. 1994 Jan;25(1):161–4. doi: 10.1016/0306-3623(94)90027-2.
Kaplan JS, Wagner JK, Reid K, McGuinness F, Arvila S, Brooks M, et al. Cannabidiol Exposure During the Mouse Adolescent Period Is Without Harmful Behavioral Effects on Locomotor Activity, Anxiety, and Spatial Memory. Front Behav Neurosci. 2021;15:711639. . doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.711639.
Zieba J, Sinclair D, Sebree T, Bonn-Miller M, Gutterman D, Siegel S, et al. Cannabidiol (CBD) reduces anxiety-related behavior in mice via an FMRP-independent mechanism. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2019 Jun;181:93–100. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.05.002
Bergamaschi MM, Queiroz RHC, Chagas MHN, de Oliveira DCG, De Martinis BS, Kapczinski F, et al. Cannabidiol reduces the anxiety induced by simulated public speaking in treatment-naïve social phobia patients. Neuropsychopharmacol Off Publ Am Coll Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011 May;36(6):1219–26. doi: 10.1038/npp.2011.6.
Crippa JA de S, Zuardi AW, Garrido GEJ, Wichert-Ana L, Guarnieri R, Ferrari L, et al. Effects of cannabidiol (CBD) on regional cerebral blood flow. Neuropsychopharmacol Off Publ Am Coll Neuropsychopharmacol. 2004 Feb;29(2):417–26. doi: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300340.
Hundal H, Lister R, Evans N, Antley A, Englund A, Murray RM, et al. The effects of cannabidiol on persecutory ideation and anxiety in a high trait paranoid group. J Psychopharmacol Oxf Engl. 2018 Mar;32(3):276–82. doi: 10.1177/0269881117737400.
Hurd YL, Spriggs S, Alishayev J, Winkel G, Gurgov K, Kudrich C, et al. Cannabidiol for the Reduction of Cue-Induced Craving and Anxiety in Drug-Abstinent Individuals With Heroin Use Disorder: A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2019 Nov 1;176(11):911–22. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.18101191.
Souza JDR, Pacheco JC, Rossi GN, de-Paulo BO, Zuardi AW, Guimarães FS, et al. Adverse Effects of Oral Cannabidiol: An Updated Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials (2020-2022). Pharmaceutics. 2022 Nov 25;14(12). doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.18101191.
Abu-Sawwa R, Chase A, Fowowe O, Park Y. Effects of Epidiolex® (Cannabidiol) on seizure-related emergency department visits and hospital admissions: A retrospective cohort study. Epilepsy Behav. 2022 Feb 1;127:108538. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108538.
Bergeria CL, Spindle TR, Cone EJ, Sholler D, Goffi E, Mitchell JM, et al. Pharmacokinetic Profile of ?9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, Cannabidiol and Metabolites in Blood following Vaporization and Oral Ingestion of Cannabidiol Products. J Anal Toxicol. 2022 Jul 14;46(6):583–91. doi: 10.1093/jat/bkab124
Moazen-Zadeh E, Chisholm A, Bachi K, Hurd YL. Pharmacokinetics of Cannabidiol: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis. 2023; doi: 10.1101/2023.02.01.23285341
Devinsky O, Cilio MR, Cross H, Fernandez-Ruiz J, French J, Hill C, et al. Cannabidiol: pharmacology and potential therapeutic role in epilepsy and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Epilepsia. 2014 Jun;55(6):791–802. doi: 10.1111/epi.12631.
Reddy D. The Utility of Cannabidiol in the Treatment of Refractory Epilepsy. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2017 Feb;101(2):182–4. doi: 10.1002/cpt.441.
Mechoulam R, Parker LA, Gallily R. Cannabidiol: an overview of some pharmacological aspects. J Clin Pharmacol. 2002 Nov;42(S1):11S-19S. doi: 10.1002/j.1552-4604.2002.tb05998.x.
Taylor L, Gidal B, Blakey G, Tayo B, Morrison G. A Phase I, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Single Ascending Dose, Multiple Dose, and Food Effect Trial of the Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of Highly Purified Cannabidiol in Healthy Subjects. CNS Drugs. 2018 Nov;32(11):1053–67. doi: 10.1007/s40263-018-0578-5
Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021 Mar 29;n71. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n71.
Uribe-Mariño A, Francisco A, Castiblanco-Urbina MA, Twardowschy A, Salgado-Rohner CJ, Crippa JAS, et al. Anti-aversive effects of cannabidiol on innate fear-induced behaviors evoked by an ethological model of panic attacks based on a prey vs the wild snake Epicrates cenchria crassus confrontation paradigm. Neuropsychopharmacol Off Publ Am Coll Neuropsychopharmacol. 2012 Jan;37(2):412–21. doi: 10.1038/npp.2011.188.
Guimarães FS. Antianxiety effect of cannabidiol in the elevated plus-maze. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1990;100(4):558–9. doi: 10.1007/BF02244012.
ElBatsh MM, Assareh N, Marsden CA, Kendall DA. Anxiogenic-like effects of chronic cannabidiol administration in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2012 May;221(2):239–47. doi: 10.1007/s00213-011-2566-z.
Moreira FA. Anxiolytic-like effect of cannabidiol in the rat Vogel conflict test. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2006;30(8):1466–71. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.06.004.
Silva-Cardoso GK, Lazarini-Lopes W, Hallak JE, Crippa JA, Zuardi AW, Garcia-Cairasco N, et al. Cannabidiol effectively reverses mechanical and thermal allodynia, hyperalgesia, and anxious behaviors in a neuropathic pain model: Possible role of CB1 and TRPV1 receptors. Neuropharmacology. 2021 Oct 1;197:108712. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108712
Almeida V, Levin R, Peres FF, Niigaki ST, Calzavara MB, Zuardi AW, et al. Cannabidiol exhibits anxiolytic but not antipsychotic property evaluated in the social interaction test. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2013 Mar 5;41:30–5. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.10.024.
Shu G, He Y, Suo J, Wu C, Gong X, Xiang Y, et al. Cannabidiol exhibits anxiolytic-like effects and antipsychotic-like effects in mice models. Neurosci Lett. 2024 Mar 15;826:137723. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2024.137723.
Wanner NM, Colwell M, Drown C, Faulk C. Developmental cannabidiol exposure increases anxiety and modifies genome-wide brain DNA methylation in adult female mice. Clin Epigenetics. 2021 Jan 6;13(1):4. doi: 10.1186/s13148-020-00993-4.
Chaves YC, Genaro K, Crippa JA, da Cunha JM, Zanoveli JM. Cannabidiol induces antidepressant and anxiolytic-like effects in experimental type-1 diabetic animals by multiple sites of action. Metab Brain Dis. 2021 Apr;36(4):639–52. doi: 10.1007/s11011-020-00667-3
Chaves YC, Raymundi AM, Waltrick APF, de Souza Crippa JA, Stern CAJ, da Cunha JM, et al. Cannabidiol modulates contextual fear memory consolidation in animals with experimentally induced type-1 diabetes mellitus. Acta Neuropsychiatr. 2023 Feb 20;1–11. doi: 10.1017/neu.2023.13.
Alegre-Zurano L, López-Arnau R, Luján MÁ, Camarasa J, Valverde O. Cannabidiol Modulates the Motivational and Anxiety-Like Effects of 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) in Mice. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Aug 2;22(15). doi: 10.3390/ijms22158304
Austrich-Olivares A, García-Gutiérrez MS, Illescas L, Gasparyan A, Manzanares J. Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor Involvement in the Actions of CBD on Anxiety and Coping Behaviors in Mice. Pharm Basel Switz. 2022 Apr 13;15(4). doi: 10.3390/ph15040473
Hsiao YT, Yi PL, Li CL, Chang FC. Effect of cannabidiol on sleep disruption induced by the repeated combination tests consisting of open field and elevated plus-maze in rats. Neuropharmacology. 2012 Jan;62(1):373–84. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.08.013
Chesworth R, Cheng D, Staub C, Karl T. Effect of long-term cannabidiol on learning and anxiety in a female Alzheimer’s disease mouse model. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:931384. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.931384.
Rock EM, Limebeer CL, Petrie GN, Williams LA, Mechoulam R, Parker LA. Effect of prior foot shock stress and ?(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiolic acid, and cannabidiol on anxiety-like responding in the light-dark emergence test in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2017 Jul;234(14):2207–17. doi: 10.1007/s00213-017-4626-5.
Melkumyan M, Annaswamy VM, Evans AM, Showemimo OF, McCullers ZE, Sun D, et al. Effects of cannabidiol, with and without ?9-tetrahydrocannabinol, on anxiety-like behavior following alcohol withdrawal in mice. Front Neurosci. 2024;18:1375440. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1375440
Marinho ALZ, Vila-Verde C, Fogaça MV, Guimarães FS. Effects of intra-infralimbic prefrontal cortex injections of cannabidiol in the modulation of emotional behaviors in rats: contribution of 5HT?A receptors and stressful experiences. Behav Brain Res. 2015 Jun 1;286:49–56. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.02.023
Granjeiro EM, Gomes FV, Guimarães FS, Corrêa FMA, Resstel LBM. Effects of intracisternal administration of cannabidiol on the cardiovascular and behavioral responses to acute restraint stress. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2011 Oct;99(4):743–8. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.06.027.
Campos AC, Guimarães FS. Evidence for a potential role for TRPV1 receptors in the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray in the attenuation of the anxiolytic effects of cannabinoids. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2009 Nov 13;33(8):1517–21. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.08.017.
Salviato BZ, Raymundi AM, Rodrigues da Silva T, Salemme BW, Batista Sohn JM, Araújo FS, et al. Female but not male rats show biphasic effects of low doses of ?(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol on anxiety: can cannabidiol interfere with these effects? Neuropharmacology. 2021 Sep 15;196:108684. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108684.
Breuer A, Haj CG, Fogaça MV, Gomes FV, Silva NR, Pedrazzi JF, et al. Fluorinated Cannabidiol Derivatives: Enhancement of Activity in Mice Models Predictive of Anxiolytic, Antidepressant and Antipsychotic Effects. PloS One. 2016;11(7):e0158779. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25851.
Masataka N. Is cannabidiol (CBD) effective to ease separation anxiety? Heliyon. 2024 Feb 15;10(3):e25851. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25851
Schleicher EM, Ott FW, Müller M, Silcher B, Sichler ME, Löw MJ, et al. Prolonged Cannabidiol Treatment Lacks on Detrimental Effects on Memory, Motor Performance and Anxiety in C57BL/6J Mice. Front Behav Neurosci. 2019;13:94. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00094
Nazario LR, Antonioli RJ, Capiotti KM, Hallak JEC, Zuardi AW, Crippa JAS, et al. Caffeine protects against memory loss induced by high and non-anxiolytic dose of cannabidiol in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2015 Aug;135:210–6. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.06.008.
Fabris D, Carvalho MC, Brandão ML, Prado WA, Zuardi AW, Crippa JA, et al. Sex-dependent differences in the anxiolytic-like effect of cannabidiol in the elevated plus-maze. J Psychopharmacol Oxf Engl. 2022 Dec;36(12):1371–83. doi: 10.1177/02698811221125440.
Pérez-Valenzuela E, Hudson R, Uzuneser T, De Felice M, Szkudlarek H, Rushlow W, et al. Sex-Dependent Synergism of an Edible THC: CBD Formulation in Reducing Anxiety and Depressive-like Symptoms Following Chronic Stress. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2023 Sep 13; doi: 10.2174/1570159X21666230912101441.
Huffstetler CM, Cochran B, May CA, Maykut N, Silver CR, Cedeno C, et al. Single cannabidiol administration affects anxiety-, obsessive compulsive-, object memory-, and attention-like behaviors in mice in a sex and concentration dependent manner. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2023 Jan;222:173498. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173498.
Campos AC, Ortega Z, Palazuelos J, Fogaça MV, Aguiar DC, Díaz-Alonso J, et al. The anxiolytic effect of cannabidiol on chronically stressed mice depends on hippocampal neurogenesis: involvement of the endocannabinoid system. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013 Jul;16(6):1407–19. doi: 10.1017/S1461145712001502.
Fogaça MV, Campos AC, Coelho LD, Duman RS, Guimarães FS. The anxiolytic effects of cannabidiol in chronically stressed mice are mediated by the endocannabinoid system: Role of neurogenesis and dendritic remodeling. Neuropharmacology. 2018 Jun;135:22–33. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.03.001.
Gomes FV, Resstel LBM, Guimarães FS. The anxiolytic-like effects of cannabidiol injected into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis are mediated by 5-HT1A receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2011 Feb;213(2–3):465–73. doi: 10.1007/s00213-010-2036-z.
Shallcross J, Hámor P, Bechard AR, Romano M, Knackstedt L, Schwendt M. The Divergent Effects of CDPPB and Cannabidiol on Fear Extinction and Anxiety in a Predator Scent Stress Model of PTSD in Rats. Front Behav Neurosci. 2019;13:91. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00091
Morris EM, Kitts-Morgan SE, Spangler DM, McLeod KR, Costa JHC, Harmon DL. The Impact of Feeding Cannabidiol (CBD) Containing Treats on Canine Response to a Noise-Induced Fear Response Test. Front Vet Sci. 2020;7:569565. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.569565
Stern CAJ, Gazarini L, Vanvossen AC, Zuardi AW, Galve-Roperh I, Guimaraes FS, et al. ?9-Tetrahydrocannabinol alone and combined with cannabidiol mitigate fear memory through reconsolidation disruption. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol J Eur Coll Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015 Jun;25(6):958–65. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.02.001.
Stanley TB, Ferretti ML, Bonn-Miller MO, Irons JG. A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Test of the Effects of Cannabidiol on Experiences of Test Anxiety Among College Students. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. 2023 Dec;8(6):1090–9. doi: 10.1089/can.2022.0062.
Martin EL, Strickland JC, Schlienz NJ, Munson J, Jackson H, Bonn-Miller MO, et al. Antidepressant and Anxiolytic Effects of Medicinal Cannabis Use in an Observational Trial. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:729800. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.729800
Masataka N. Anxiolytic Effects of Repeated Cannabidiol Treatment in Teenagers With Social Anxiety Disorders. Front Psychol. 2019;10:2466. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02466
Berger M, Li E, Rice S, Davey CG, Ratheesh A, Adams S, et al. Cannabidiol for Treatment-Resistant Anxiety Disorders in Young People: An Open-Label Trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2022 Aug 3;83(5):21m14130. doi: 10.4088/JCP.21m14130.
Laczkovics C, Kothgassner OD, Felnhofer A, Klier CM. Cannabidiol treatment in an adolescent with multiple substance abuse, social anxiety and depression. Neuropsychiatr Klin Diagn Ther Rehabil Organ Ges Osterreichischer Nervenarzte Psychiater. 2021 Mar;35(1):31–4. doi: 10.1007/s40211-020-00334-0.
Hutten NRPW, Arkell TR, Vinckenbosch F, Schepers J, Kevin RC, Theunissen EL, et al. Cannabis containing equivalent concentrations of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) induces less state anxiety than THC-dominant cannabis. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2022 Nov;239(11):3731–41. doi: 10.1007/s00213-022-06248-9.
Dahlgren MK, Lambros AM, Smith RT, Sagar KA, El-Abboud C, Gruber SA. Clinical and cognitive improvement following full-spectrum, high-cannabidiol treatment for anxiety: open-label data from a two-stage, phase 2 clinical trial. Commun Med. 2022 Nov 2;2(1):139. doi: 10.1038/s43856-022-00202-8.
Ramani A, Townsend R, Rodriguez E, Haughian JM, Stewart LK. Daily cannabidiol and L-theanine beverage consumption does not alter anxiety, fatigue, cognitive function, or natural killer cell function: A randomized, controlled trial in healthy, young adults. Brain Behav Immun Integr. 2024 Jan 1;5:100045. doi: 10.1016/j.bbii.2024.100045
Kwee CMB, van der Flier FE, Duits P, van Balkom AJLM, Cath DC, Baas JMP. Effects of cannabidiol on fear conditioning in anxiety disorders: decreased threat expectation during retention, but no enhanced fear re-extinction. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2024 Apr;241(4):833–47. doi: 10.1007/s00213-023-06512-6.
Gundugurti PR, Banda N, Yadlapalli SSR, Narala A, Thatikonda R, Kocherlakota C, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of nanodispersible cannabidiol oral solution (150 mg/mL) versus placebo in mild to moderate anxiety subjects: A double blind multicenter randomized clinical trial. Asian J Psychiatry. 2024 Jul;97:104073. doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2024.104073
Zuardi AW, Rodrigues NP, Silva AL, Bernardo SA, Hallak JEC, Guimarães FS, et al. Inverted U-Shaped Dose-Response Curve of the Anxiolytic Effect of Cannabidiol during Public Speaking in Real Life. Front Pharmacol. 2017;8:259. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00259.
Crippa JAS, Derenusson GN, Ferrari TB, Wichert-Ana L, Duran FLS, Martin-Santos R, et al. Neural basis of anxiolytic effects of cannabidiol (CBD) in generalized social anxiety disorder: a preliminary report. J Psychopharmacol Oxf Engl. 2011 Jan;25(1):121–30. doi: 10.1177/0269881110379283.
Bloomfield MAP, Yamamori Y, Hindocha C, Jones APM, Yim JLL, Walker HR, et al. The acute effects of cannabidiol on emotional processing and anxiety: a neurocognitive imaging study. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2022 May;239(5):1539–49. doi: 10.1007/s00213-022-06070-3.
Bolsoni LM, Crippa JAS, Hallak JEC, Guimarães FS, Zuardi AW. The anxiolytic effect of cannabidiol depends on the nature of the trauma when patients with post-traumatic stress disorder recall their trigger event. Rev Bras Psiquiatr Sao Paulo Braz 1999. 2022 Jun;44(3):298–307. doi: 10.1590/1516-4446-2021-2317.
Stack SK, Wheate NJ, Moloney NC, Abelev SV, Barlow JW, Schubert EA. The Effectiveness and Adverse Events of Cannabidiol and Tetrahydrocannabinol Used in the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders in a PTSD Subpopulation: An Interim Analysis of an Observational Study. J Pharm Technol JPT Off Publ Assoc Pharm Tech. 2023 Aug;39(4):172–82. doi: 10.1177/87551225231180796.
Gournay LR, Ferretti ML, Bilsky S, Vance E, Nguyen AM, Mann E, et al. The effects of cannabidiol on worry and anxiety among high trait worriers: a double-blind, randomized placebo controlled trial. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2023 Oct;240(10):2147–61. doi: 10.1007/s00213-023-06437-0.
Chang J, Liu X, Xue S, Qiu J. An amygdala-centered effective connectivity network in trait anxiety [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2024 Nov 11]. Available from: https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-3122692/v1. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3122692/v1
Soria-Fregozo C, Perez-Vega MI, Rodríguez-Landa JF, Germán-Ponciano LJ, García-Ríos RI, Mora-Perez A. Association of 5-HT1A Receptors with Affective Disorders. In: Shad KF, editor. Serotonin - A Chemical Messenger Between All Types of Living Cells [Internet]. InTech; 2017 [cited 2024 Nov 11]. Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/serotonin-a-chemical-messenger-between-all-types-of-living-cells/association-of-5-ht1a-receptors-with-affective-disorders. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.68975.
Campos AC, de Paula Soares V, Carvalho MC, Ferreira FR, Vicente MA, Brandão ML, et al. Involvement of serotonin-mediated neurotransmission in the dorsal periaqueductal gray matter on cannabidiol chronic effects in panic-like responses in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2013 Mar;226(1):13–24. doi: 10.1007/s00213-012-2878-7. doi: 10.1007/s00213-012-2878-7.
Peters KZ, Cheer JF, Tonini R. Modulating the Neuromodulators: Dopamine, Serotonin, and the Endocannabinoid System. Trends Neurosci. 2021 Jun;44(6):464–77. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2021.02.001
Beers JL, Fu D, Jackson KD. Cytochrome P450–Catalyzed Metabolism of Cannabidiol to the Active Metabolite 7-Hydroxy-Cannabidiol. Drug Metab Dispos. 2021 Oct;49(10):882–91. https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.120.000350
Gao B, Qu Y cui, Cai M yu, Zhang Y yin, Lu H tao, Li H xia, et al. Phytochemical interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder: A cluster co-occurrence network analysis using CiteSpace. J Integr Med. 2023 Jul 1;21(4):385–96. doi: 10.1016/j.joim.2023.06.006.
Schwinghammer TL, DiPiro JT, DiPiro CV, Ellingrod V. Pharmacotherapy Handbook, Eleventh Edition.
Dunlop BW, Davis PG. Combination Treatment With Benzodiazepines and SSRIs for Comorbid Anxiety and Depression: A Review. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry.
Schoedel KA, Levy-Cooperman N. Polydrug users, use of cannabinoids and abuse potential: A focus on cannabidiol (CBD). In: Cannabis Use, Neurobiology, Psychology, and Treatment [Internet]. Elsevier; 2023 [cited 2024 Nov 27]. p. 155–69. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780323898621000234. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-323-89862-1.00023-4
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Public Health and Pharmacy
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with Journal of Public Health and Pharmacy retain the copyright of their work. The journal applies a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0), which grants the following rights:
-
Copyright Retention: Authors retain the copyright of their work, maintaining full control over their intellectual property without restrictions.
-
Right of First Publication: Authors grant the journal the right of first publication of their work. This ensures that the work is initially published and credited in Journal of Public Health and Pharmacy.
-
License to Share and Reuse: The work is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0, allowing others to copy, distribute, remix, and build upon the work for any purpose, even commercially, as long as proper credit is given to the authors, and any new creations are licensed under the same terms.
