Parental Perception of Preschool Children's Mental Health and Synchronous Online Education Effectiveness in Knowledge Enhancement

Merita Arini; Warih Andan Puspitosari; Harumi Iring Primastuti; Wan Hasliza Wan Mamat

doi:10.56338/mppki.v8i4.7003

Merita Arini Master of Hospital Administration, Postgraduate Program, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Warih Andan Puspitosari Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Harumi Iring Primastuti Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Wan Hasliza Wan Mamat Kulliyah of Nursing, International Islamic University Malaysia, Malaysia

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56338/mppki.v8i4.7003

Keywords: Children’s Mental Health, Health Promotion, Preschool Children, School Health

Abstract

Introduction: Mental health in children is crucial for their growth, development, and academic achievement. The high prevalence of mental health disorders in children necessitates efforts to enhance parental knowledge via more accessible channels. This study aims to evaluate parental perceptions of children's mental health and assess the impact of online mental health education on parental knowledge.

Methods: A quasi-experimental design using a single-group pre-test and post-test method was conducted with 52 participants. The intervention consisted of synchronouz mental health education delivered via an online meeting platform, with data collected through pre- and post-test evaluations using Google Forms.

Results: 53.8% of parents were concerned about their child's mental health, yet 40.4% were unsure about their capacity to recognize symptoms, and 78.8% had never conducted early screening. The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test indicated no statistically significant difference in knowledge scores before and after the intervention (p=0.177). However, the mean score increased slightly from 6.71 (SD=1.05) in the pre-test to 6.98 (SD=1.29) in the post-test. The effect size (r = -0.64, 95% CI = [-0.91, -0.37]) shows an impact classified as moderate to large.

Conclusion: While many parents are concerned for their children's mental health, many cannot recognize symptoms and have not undertaken early screening. Although statistical significance was not achieved, the observed effect size and knowledge improvement in specific individuals highlights online education's potential to enhance parental understanding of children's mental health. It is imperative to advance the exploration of interactive and adaptable learning strategies to maximize the effectiveness of educational interventions.

References

WHO. Mental Health [Internet]. 2022. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-strengthening-our-response

Gautam S, Jain A, Chaudhary J, Gautam M, Gaur M, Grover S. Concept of mental health and mental well-being, it’ s determinants and coping strategies. Indian J Psychiatry [Internet]. 2024;66(Supplement 2):S232–44. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/indianjpsychiatry/fulltext/2024/66002/concept_of_mental_health_and_mental_well_being,.6.aspx

UNICEF. Child and adolescent mental health. 2024; Available from: https://www.unicef.org/eu/media/2576/file/Child and adolescent mental health policy brief.pdf

WHO. Mental health of children and adolescents. 2021.

Republic Indonesia Ministry of Health. Laporan Nasional RISKESDAS 2018 [Internet]. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan. 2018. p. 1–582. Available from: http://labdata.litbang.kemkes.go.id/images/download/laporan/RKD/2018/Laporan_Nasional_RKD2018_FINAL.pdf

Kuruwanshi S, Joshi AU. A Narrative Review?Participation of Fathers in Child Health Care in India. J Datta Meghe Inst Med Sci Univ. 2024;19(2):209–13.

Wang S-M, Yan S-Q, Xie F-F, Cai Z-L, Gao G-P, Weng T-T, et al. Association of preschool children behavior and emotional problems with the parenting behavior of both parents. World J Clin Cases. 2024;12(6):1084–93.

Jiang Y, Routh B, Fakuajo OA. Increasing access to quality parent education through a virtual synchronous setting: A qualitative study. Child Care Health Dev. 2024;50(2):1–9.

Gimba SM, Harris P, Saito A, Udah H, Martin A, Wheeler AJ. The modules of mental health programs implemented in schools in low- and middle-income countries: findings from a systematic literature review. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):1–10.

Brooks H, Syarif AK, Pedley R, Irmansyah I, Prawira B, Lovell K, et al. Improving mental health literacy among young people aged 11–15 years in Java, Indonesia: the co-development of a culturally-appropriate, user-centred resource (The IMPeTUs Intervention). Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2021;15(1):1–9.

Polit DF, Beck CT. The Content Validity Index: Are you sure you know what’s being reported? Critique and recommendations. Res Nurs Heal Nurs Heal. 2006;29:488–95.

Crocker L., Algina J. Introduction to Classical and Modern Test Theory (M.B.M. Staudt & M. Stranz, Ed.). Ohio: Cengage Learning; 2008. 8–11 p.

Cook DA, Hatala R. Got power? A systematic review of sample size adequacy in health professions education research. Adv Heal Sci Educ. 2015;20(1):73–83.

Pérez-Jorge D, Alejandra G-LM, Rodrígez-Jiménez M del C, Ariño-Mateo E. Educational Programs for the Promotion of Health at School : A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2021;18(10818):1–14. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010818

Wei W, Sarker T, Zukiewicz-Sobczak? W, Roy R, Alam GMM, Rabbany MG, et al. The Influence of Women ’ s Empowerment on Poverty Reduction in the Rural Areas of Bangladesh : Focus on Health , Education and Living Standard. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2021;18(6909):1–18. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136909

Maldonado LY, Bone J, Scanlon ML, Anusu G, Chelagat S, Jumah A, et al. Improving maternal , newborn and child health outcomes through a community- based women ’ s health education program : a cluster randomised controlled trial in western Kenya. BMJ Glob Heal. 2020;4(e003370):1–13.

Purwani A, Hasanah IU. Paternal involvement: The central role of fathers in managing children’s emotions. A?f?lun? J Islam Early Child Educ. 2023;6(2):1–16.

Watkins V, Kavanagh SA, Macdonald JA, Rasmussen B, Maindal HT, Hosking S, et al. “I always felt like I wasn’t supposed to be there”. An international qualitative study of fathers’ engagement in family healthcare during transition to fatherhood. Midwifery [Internet]. 2024;130(December 2023):103928. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2024.103928

Feinberg I, Frijters J, Johnson-Lawrence V, Greenberg D, Nightingale E, Moodie C. Examining Associations between Health Information Seeking Behavior and Adult Education Status in the U . S .: An Analysis of the 2012 PIAAC Data. PLoS One. 2016;(February):1–20.

Marta DS, Wijaya E. Millennials’ and Z Generation’s Knowledge on Child Immunization and the Role of Media in the Digital Era in Jabodetabek, Indonesia. Glob Pediatr Heal. 2023;10:0–5.

Jia X, Pang Y, Liu LS. Online Health Information Seeking Behavior : A Systematic Review. Healthcare. 2021;9(1740):1–15.

Javanmardi M, Noroozi M, Mostafavi F, Ashrafi-Rizi H. Challenges to access health information during pregnancy in Iran: A qualitative study from the perspective of pregnant women, midwives and obstetricians. Reprod Health. 2019;16(1):3–9.

Ghiasi A, Keramat A, Farjamfar M, Vakilian K. Perceived Barriers to Accessing Pregnancy-Related Health Information Among Married Adolescent Women: A Qualitative Study in Iran. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol [Internet]. 2020;33(1):58–63. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2019.08.012

Rodríguez E, Andueza G, Ojeda R, Palmisano E, Ewald L, Kamath AM, et al. Evaluating Access to Health Care in Mothers and Caregivers of Children under Five Years of Age in Rural Communities of Yucatán, Mexico. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2024;21(9).

Daniyal M, Mubeen I. A Binary Logistic Analysis of the Working Status of Mothers and Impact on the Health and Education of Their Children. Can Soc Sci [Internet]. 2018;14(3):38–43. Available from: www.cscanada.netwww.cscanada.orghttp://www.cscanada.net/index.php/css/article/view/10237

Aqeel BNN, AlOtaibi A sahal, AlNumani NAO, Gorban AAM, Harbi MS Al, AlFurayji SI. The Impact and Effectiveness of Community Health Awareness Programs : A Comprehensive Review. J Int Penelit Inov dalam Tek Ilmu Fis Multidisiplin. 2019;7(1):1–5.

Happe F, Frith U. Annual Research Review : Looking back to look forward – changes in the concept of autism and implications for future research. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2020;1–15.

Bagur S, Lourido BP-, Amengual BM-, Verger S. Relationship between parental mental health and developmental disorders in early childhood. Heal Soc Care Community. 2022;30(October 2021):4840–9.

O’Brien D, Harvey K, Howse J, Reardon T, Creswell C. Barriers to managing child and adolescent mental health problems : a systematic review of primary care practitioners ’ perceptions. Br J Gen Pract. 2016;(October):e693–707.

Abera M, Robbins JM, Tesfaye M. Parents ’ perception of child and adolescent mental health problems and their choice of treatment option in southwest Ethiopia. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2015;9(40):1–11.

Mcginnis EW, Copeland W, Shanahan L, Egger HL. Parental Perception of Mental Health Needs in Young Children. Child Adolesc Ment Heal. 2022;27(4):328–34.

Thomas EN, Edwards L, Mcardle P. Knowledge is Power. A quality improvement project to increase patient understanding of their hospital stay. BMJ Qual Improv Program [Internet]. 2017;6(1):1–6. Available from: https://bmjopenquality.bmj.com/content/6/1/u207103.w3042

Salam AEA El, AbdAllah AM, Maghawry HA El. Effect of health education program on improving knowledge and atitude towards mental health stigma and professional help ? seeking among adolescents. Middle East Curr Psychiatry [Internet]. 2023;30(32):1–9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s43045-023-00298-1

Hirschauer N, Grüner S, Mußhoff O. The p-Value and Statistical Significance Testing. In: SpringerBriefs in Applied Statistics and Econometrics. Springer Nature, Cham; 2022. p. 63–96.

Fritz CO, Morris PE, Richler JJ. Effect size estimates: Current use, calculations, and interpretation. J Exp Psychol Gen. 2012;141(1):2–18.

Rombach I, Rombach I, Rombach I, Knight R, Knight R, Knight R, et al. Current practice in analysing and reporting binary outcome data - A review of randomised controlled trial reports. BMC Med. 2020;18(1):1–8.

Siegelman N, Bogaerts L, Frost R. Measuring individual differences in statistical learning: Current pitfalls and possible solutions. Behav Res Methods. 2017;49(2):418–32.

Chehaib H, Rodríguez-campos L, Todd A. Evaluation of a School-Based Program Designed to Improve the Mental Health in Children : A Collaborative Approach. Sch Community J [Internet]. 2023;33(1):229–50. Available from: http://www.schoolcommunitynetwork.org/SCJ.aspx%0A229

Schneider B, Bradford L. What We Are Learning About Fade-Out of Intervention Effects: A Commentary. Psychol Sci Public Interes. 2020;21(2):50–4.

Kempegowda P, Chandan JS, Hutton R, Brown L, Madden W, Webb J, et al. Focused educational intervention improves but may not sustain knowledge regarding falls management. BMJ Open Qual. 2018;7(3):7–11.

Win KT, Hassan NM, Bonney A, Iverson D. Benefits of Online Health Education: Perception from Consumers and Health Professionals. J Med Syst. 2015;39(3).

Wang L, Gollust SE, Rothman AJ, Vogel RI, Yzer MC, Nagler RH. Effects of Exposure to Conflicting Health Information on Topic-Specific Information Sharing and Seeking Intentions. Health Commun. 2024;1–9.

Saffari M, Sanaeinasab H, Mobini M, Sepandi M, Rashidi-Jahan H, Sehlo MG, et al. Effect of a health-education program using motivational interviewing on oral health behavior and self-efficacy in pregnant women: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Oral Sci. 2020;128(4):308–16.

Glatt K, Okunseri C, Flanagan D, Simpson P, Cao Y, Willis E. Evaluation of an oral health education session for Early Head Start home visitors. J Public Health Dent. 2016;76(3):167–70.

Patel D, Beaveridge K, O’Neill ZR, Lowensteyn I, Kaouache M, Grover SA. Online health promotion program and individualized health coaching for veteran wellbeing. Int J Whole Pers Care. 2022;9(1):25–6.

Luai AF, Mohd Radzi NA, Md Sabri BA. Perceived Barriers in Digitalizing Oral Health Promotion: Phenomenological Study among Malaysian Dental Public Health Specialists. J Int Oral Heal. 2024;16(2):128–37.

Latha K, Meena KS, Pravitha MR, Dasgupta M, Chaturvedi SK. Effective use of social media platforms for promotion of mental health awareness. 2020;9:1–6.

Gucciardi E, Cameron JI, Liao C Di, Palmer A, Stewart DE. Program design features that can improve participation in health education interventions. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2007;7:1–10.

Yu T, Xu J, Jiang Y, Hua H, Zhou Y, Guo X. School educational models and child mental health among K ? 12 students : a scoping review. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health [Internet]. 2022;8:1–16. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-022-00469-8

Unwin GL, Kroese BS, Blumson J. An Evaluation of a Mental Health Promotion Programme to Improve Emotional , Social and Coping Skills in Children and Young People Attending Special Schools. Front Educ. 2018;3(November):1–15.

Hollenberg E, Bani-Fatemi A, Durbin A, Castle D, Kozloff N, Ziegler C, et al. Using financial incentives to improve health service engagement and outcomes of adults experiencing homelessness: A scoping review of the literature. Heal Soc Care Community. 2022;30(6):e3406–34.

Catherine NLA, Lever R, Marcellus L, Tallon C, Sheehan D, MacMillan H, et al. Retaining participants in community-based health research: A case example on standardized planning and reporting. Trials. 2020;21(1):1–12.

Mitchell MS, Faulkner GE. On supplementing foot in the door incentives for ehealth program engagement. J Med Internet Res. 2014;16(7):7–9.

Shannon A, Davis-Street J, Drew C. Engaging and motivating for health behavior change. Soc Pet Eng - SPE Int Conf Heal Saf Environ 2014 Journey Contin. 2014;2:707–12.

Gagnon M, Payne A, Guta A. What are the ethical implications of using prize-based contingency management in substance use? A scoping review. Harm Reduct J [Internet]. 2021;18(1):1–16. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-021-00529-w

Cen?i? A, Bajec S, Žvanut B. Effects of web-based diabetes education on knowledge retention in adult general population: An experiment. Public Health Nurs. 2024;41(3):555–61.

Mörelius E, Robinson S, Arabiat D, Whitehead L. Digital Interventions to Improve Health Literacy among Parents of Children Aged 0 to 12 Years with a Health Condition: Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res. 2021;23(12).

Hamdani SU, Huma Z e., Suleman N, Warraitch A, Muzzafar N, Farzeen M, et al. Scaling?up school mental health services in low resource public schools of rural Pakistan: the Theory of Change (ToC) approach. Int J Ment Health Syst [Internet]. 2021;15(1):1–10. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-021-00435-5