Analisis Deskripsi Faktor Risiko Infeksi Hepatitis C
A Descriptive Analysis of Risk Factors for Hepatitis C Infection
Abstract
Latar belakang: Infeksi Virus Hepatitis C (HCV) menimbulkan masalah yang signifikan dalam kesehatan masyarakat. Tingkat infeksi HCV tetap tinggi, terutama di kalangan pengguna narkoba suntikan usia dewasa muda.
Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan beberapa faktor risiko terhadap terjadinya infeksi HCV.
Metode: Desain penelitian adalah cross-sectional. Pengambilan data dilakukan di RSUD Tebet, dimana sampelnya adalah seluruh pasien yang melakukan pemeriksaan anti-HCV di laboratorium dari Januari 2018-Desember 2020 dan berusia di atas 15 tahun. Peneliti menilai faktor seperti usia, jenis kelamin, tingkat pendidikan, pekerjaan, status pernikahan, tempat tinggal, pengguna narkoba suntik (Penasun), dan status serologis HCV.
Hasil: Hasil menunjukkan berdasarkan jenis kelamin, 41,3% kasus positif ditemukan diantara pasien laki-laki dan 21,1% diantara pasien perempuan. Pada kelompok pasien usia 40-49 tahun, sebagian besar dinyatakan positif HCV (51,4%). Berdasarkan status pernikahan pasien, pendidikan, dan pekerjaan sebagian besar ditemukan negatif. Sebanyak lebih dari 50% pasien yang berasal dari luar DKI Jakarta ditemukan positif HCV.
Kesimpulan: Karakteristik pasien (usia, jenis kelamin, menikah, pendidikan, pekerjaan dan tempat tinggal) dan riwayat penasun ditemukan sebagai faktor risiko potensial terhadap terjadinya infeksi HCV.
References
World Health Organization. Hepatitis C [Internet]. 2019. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-c
Balitbangkes Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Riskesdas Tahun 2018. 2018.
Muljono D. Epidemiology of Hepatitis B and C in Republic of Indonesia. Euroasian J Hepatogastroenterol. 2017 Jun 1;7(1):55–9.
Tahir N, Amin S, Rafiq MT. Are Socio-Economic Determinants Important for Patient’s Knowledge, Attitude and Practice: Evidence from Hepatitis-C Patients. Pakistan Journal of Public Health. 2021 Mar 11;10(3):147–53.
Mateu-Gelabert P, S. Sabounchi N, Guarino H, Ciervo C, Joseph K, Eckhardt BJ, et al. Hepatitis C virus risk among young people who inject drugs. Front Public Health. 2022;
Westermann C, Peters C, Lisiak B, Lamberti M, Nienhaus A. The prevalence of hepatitis C among healthcare workers: A systematic review and meta-Analysis. Vol. 72, Occupational and Environmental Medicine. BMJ Publishing Group; 2015. p. 880–8.
CDC. Hepatitis C and Injection Drug Use [Internet]. 2016. Available from: www.cdc.gov/hepatitis
Pracoyo NE, Suratri MAL, Roselinda R, Setiawaty V. The Association of Hepatitis C Serological Status with Several Risk Factors in Indonesia. Int Sch Res Notices. 2016 Nov 16;2016:1–4.
M. Salama B. Risk factors associated with HCV infection among adults in Damietta Governorate, Egypt. Annals of Clinical and Analytical Medicine. 2020;11(9).
El-Ghitany EM, Farghaly AG, Alkassabany YM. Prevalence and Risk Factors of HBV and HCV Co-Infection Among People Living with HIV in an Egyptian Setting. Curr HIV Res. 2021 Aug 6;19(6):514–24.
Grebely J, Larney S, Peacock A, Colledge S, Leung J, Hickman M, et al. Global, regional, and country-level estimates of hepatitis C infection among people who have recently injected drugs. Addiction. 2019 Jan 1;114(1):150–66.
Suan MAM, Said SM, Lim PY, Azman AZF, Hassan MRA. Risk factors for hepatitis C infection among adult patients in Kedah state, Malaysia: A case-control study. PLoS One. 2019 Oct 1;14(10).
Pereira LMMB, Martelli CMT, Moreira RC, Merchan-Hamman E, Stein AT, Cardoso RMA, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of Hepatitis C virus infection in Brazil, 2005 through 2009: A cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis. 2013 Feb 1;13(1).
Midgard H, Weir A, Palmateer N, Lo Re V, Pineda JA, MacÃas J, et al. HCV epidemiology in high-risk groups and the risk of reinfection. Vol. 65, Journal of Hepatology. Elsevier B.V.; 2016. p. S33–45.
Khan S, Shah S, Ashraf H. Predictive factors for acquiring HCV infection in the population residing in high endemic, resource-limited settings. J Family Med Prim Care. 2021;10(1):167.
Esmaeili A, Mirzazadeh A, Carter GM, Esmaeili A, Hajarizadeh B, Sacks HS, et al. Higher incidence of HCV in females compared to males who inject drugs: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Viral Hepat. 2017 Feb 1;24(2):117–27.
Anwar WA, El Gaafary M, Girgis SA, Rafik M, Hussein WM, Sos D, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection and risk factors among patients and health-care workers of Ain Shams University hospitals, Cairo, Egypt. PLoS One. 2021 Feb 1;16(2 February).
Lemeshow S, Hosmer JR D, Klar J, K. Lwanga S. Adequacy of Sample Size in Health Studies. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.; 1991.
CDC. New Reports of Chronic Hepatitis C High in Multiple Generations Who Should Get Tested for Hepatitis C? [Internet]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020. Available from: www.cdc.gov
Simmonds L, Coomber R. Injecting drug users: A stigmatised and stigmatising population. International Journal of Drug Policy. 2009 Mar;20(2):121–30.
Razani N, Mohraz M, Kheirandish P, Malekinejad M, Malekafzali H, Mokri A, et al. HIV risk behavior among injection drug users in Tehran, Iran. Addiction. 2007 Sep;102(9):1472–82.
Crowley D, van Hout MC, Lambert JS, Kelly E, Murphy C, Cullen W. Barriers and facilitators to hepatitis C (HCV) screening and treatment - A description of prisoners’ perspective. Harm Reduct J. 2018 Dec 11;15(1).
Byrne C, Taoiseach A, Td LV. Performance measurement system for new strategy New National Drug and Alcohol Strategy launched In brief [Internet]. Club Health. 2017. Available from: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27536/
Day E, Hellard M, Treloar C, Bruneau J, Martin NK, Øvrehus A, et al. Hepatitis C elimination among people who inject drugs: Challenges and recommendations for action within a health systems framework. Vol. 39, Liver International. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2019. p. 20–30.
Grassi A, Ballardini G. Hepatitis C in injection drug users: It is time to treat. Vol. 23, World Journal of Gastroenterology. Baishideng Publishing Group Co; 2017. p. 3569–71.
Lourenço L, Kelly M, Tarasuk J, Stairs K, Bryson M, Popovic N, et al. The hepatitis C epidemic in Canada: An overview of recent trends in surveillance, injection drug use, harm reduction and treatment. Canada Communicable Disease Report. 2021 Dec 9;47(12):505–14.
Spach D. HCV Incidence in the United States [Internet]. IDEA. 2021. Available from: https://www.hepatitisC.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/epidemiology-us/core-concept/all.
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Hepatitis C. In: ECDC. Annual epidemiological report for 2020. Stockholm; 2020.
Saif-Al-Islam M, Mohamed HS, Younis MA, Abdelhamid MY, Ali MM, Khalaf S. Impact of Gender Difference on Characteristics and Outcome of Chronic Hepatitis C. Open J Gastroenterol. 2020;10(11):281–94.
Ayano G, Tulu M, Haile K, Assefa D, Habtamu Y, Araya G, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of gender difference in epidemiology of HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C infections in people with severe mental illness. Vol. 17, Annals of General Psychiatry. BioMed Central Ltd.; 2018.
Baden R, Rockstroh JK, Buti M. Natural history and management of hepatitis C: Does sex play a role? Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2014;209(SUPPL. 3).
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Viral Hepatitis Surveillance Report - United States, 2020 [Internet]. 2022 Sep. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/statistics/2020surveillance/index.htm.
Niu ZL, Zhang PA, Tong YQ. Age and gender distribution of Hepatitis C virus prevalence and genotypes of individuals of physical examination in WuHan, Central China. Springerplus. 2016 Dec 1;5(1).
Shahriari-Fard F, Alavian SM, Farajzadegan Z, Rabiei A, Ataei B, Ataie M. Assessment of hepatitis C risk factors in center of Iran: A case-control study. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2018 Jan 1;23(1).
Kao JH, Chen PJ. Transmission of hepatitis C virus between spouses: The important role of exposure duration [Internet]. Article in The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1996. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/14349174
Tohme RA, Holmberg SD. Is sexual contact a major mode of hepatitis C virus transmission? Vol. 52, Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 2010. p. 1497–505.
Omland LH, Osler M, Jepsen P, Krarup H, Weis N, Christensen PB, et al. Socioeconomic status in HCV infected patients - Risk and prognosis. Clin Epidemiol. 2013;5(1):163–72.
Yazdani K, Dolguikh K, Zhang W, Shayegi-Nik S, Ly J, Cooper S, et al. Knowledge of hepatitis C and awareness of reinfection risk among people who successfully completed direct acting antiviral therapy. PLoS One. 2022 Mar 1;17(3 March).
Yang M, Rao HY, Feng B, Wu E, Wei L, LoK AS. Patient Education Improves Patient Knowledge and Acceptance on Antiviral Therapy of Hepatitis C in Rural China. Vol. 130, Chinese Medical Journal. Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications; 2017. p. 2750–1.
Barocas JA, Brennan MB, Hull SJ, Stokes S, Fangman JJ, Westergaard RP. Barriers and facilitators of hepatitis C screening among people who inject drugs: a multi-city, mixed-methods study [Internet]. 2014. Available from: http://www.harmreductionjournal.com/content/11/1/1
Authors who publish with Journal of Public Health and Pharmacy retain the copyright of their work. The journal applies a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0), which grants the following rights:
-
Copyright Retention: Authors retain the copyright of their work, maintaining full control over their intellectual property without restrictions.
-
Right of First Publication: Authors grant the journal the right of first publication of their work. This ensures that the work is initially published and credited in Journal of Public Health and Pharmacy.
-
License to Share and Reuse: The work is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0, allowing others to copy, distribute, remix, and build upon the work for any purpose, even commercially, as long as proper credit is given to the authors, and any new creations are licensed under the same terms.
