Faktor Risiko Penyakit Ginjal Kronis pada Kelompok Usia Dewasa : Literature Review
Risk Factors for Chronic Kidney Disease in the Adult Age Group : Literature Review
Abstract
Latar Belakang: Penyakit ginjal kronis adalah salah satu penyakit katastropik yang menjadi beban pembiayaan kesehatan. Perlunya mengetahui faktor risiko penyakit ini dapat menjadi salah satu upaya awal dalam pencegahan penyakit ginjal kronis.
Tujuan: Penelitian ini untuk menganalisis literatur ilmiah yang membahas faktor risiko gagal ginjal kronis pada usia dewasa.
Metode: Systematic review digunakan sebagai metode dalam penelitian ini. Artikel yang digunakan adalah artikel berbahasa inggris dengan rentang waktu tahun 2012-2022 yang didapat dari database Scopus, ScienceDirect dan ProQuest. Kriteria inklusi yaitu data-data yang memuat kata kunci faktor risiko, ginjal kronis, dan dewasa, sedangkan kriteria eksklusi adalah artikel yang tidak berhubungan dengan kata kunci tersebut. Artikel yang disertakan pada penelitian ini adalah desain cross-sectional dengan jumlah sampel yang besar dan dilakukan di berbagai negara seperti Nikaragua, Amerika Serikat, Ethiopia, Nepal, Malaysia, Nigeria, Iran, India dan Cina.
Hasil: Diperoleh 10 artikel yang membahas faktor risiko penyakit ginjal kronis pada usia dewasa. Sebagian besar faktor risiko yang dibahas adalah usia, jenis kelamin, etnis, riwayat keluarga dengan penyakit ginjal, hipertensi, diabetes melitus, batu ginjal, obesitas, dislipidemia, dan merokok.
Kesimpulan: Faktor yang meningkatkan risiko penyakit ginjal kronis adalah individu dengan usia yang lebih tua, laki-laki, etnis tertentu (Afrika Amerika, Hispanik, Amerika Asli, atau Asia), memiliki riwayat penyakit ginjal keluarga, hipertensi, diabetes melitus, batu ginjal, obesitas, hiperkolesterolemia, dan merokok. Memahami faktor penyebab dan menerapkan skrining pada populasi yang berisiko akan meningkatkan deteksi dini, memulai pengobatan faktor risiko yang dapat dimodifikasi, dan pengobatan yang tepat untuk PGK. Pencegahan dapat dilakukan melalui kegiatan promotif dan preventif untuk mengurangi kasus penyakit ginjal kronis di masyarakat, yaitu dengan menerapkan gaya hidup sehat.
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