Determinan Stunting pada Anak Usia 24-30 bulan di Kecamatan Cakung, Jakarta Timur
Determinants of Stunting Among Children Aged 24-30 Months in Cakung District, East Jakarta
Abstract
Latar Belakang: Kejadian stunting di Indonesia tahun 2018 mencapai 30,8%, Jakarta Timur termasuk salah satu kota dengan prevalensi stunting yang tingggi yakni 25,7%.
Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dan faktor dominan stunting pada anak usia 24-30 bulan di Kecamatan Cakung Jakarta Timur.
Metode: Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah cross sectional dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 221 anak yang diambil dengan teknik cluster sampling. Pengambilan data dilakukan melalui pengukuran tinggi badan, wawancara kuesioner, dan food recall 2x24 jam. Analisis data menggunakan uji chi-square dan regresi logistik ganda model prediksi.
Hasil: Analisis menunjukkan proporsi anak usia 24-30 bulan yang mengalami stunting sebesar 20,4%. Hasil uji chi-square menunjukkan terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara asupan energi (p-value=0,003), karbohidrat (p-value=0,006), protein (p-value=0,005), lemak (p-value=0,002), vitamin A (p-value=0,009), usia mulai minum susu (p-value=0,008), frekuensi konsumsi susu (p-value=0,025), pendidikan ibu (p-value=0,006), dan pengetahuan gizi ibu (p-value=0,041) terhadap stunting. Hasil uji regresi logistik menunjukkan usia mulai minum susu sebagai faktor dominan terhadap stunting. Anak yang mulai minum susu di usia 12 bulan atau lebih memiliki risiko 2,2 kali lebih besar untuk mengalami stunting dibandingkan anak yang sudah mulai minum susu sebelum usia 12 bulan.
Kesimpulan: Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa asupan zat gizi makro dan mikro seperti Vitamin A, usia mulai minum susu, frekuensi konsumsi susu, pendidikan dan pengetahuan gizi ibu merupakan determinan stunting pada anak usia 24-30 bulan di Kecamatan Cakung.
References
WHO. Nutrition Landscape Information System (NLIS) Country Profile Indicators: Interpretation Guide. 2019.
UNICEF, WHO, World Bank Group. Levels and Trends in Child Malnutrition. 2018.
Kementerian Kesehatan. Riset Kesehatan Dasar Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan RI; 2018 [Available from: https://www.litbang.kemkes.go.id/laporan-riset-kesehatan-dasar-riskesdas/.
Kementerian Kesehatan. Situasi Balita Pendek (Stunting) di Indonesia Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan RI; 2018 [Available from: https://pusdatin.kemkes.go.id/article/view/18102500001/situasi-balita-pendek-di-indonesia.html.
Adani FY, Nindya TS. Perbedaan Asupan Energi, Protein, Zink, dan Perkembangan pada Balita Stunting dan non Stunting. Amerta Nutrition. 2017;1(2):46-51.
Anshori LM, Sutrisna B, Fikawati S. Relationship energy and protein intake with the incidence of stunting among toddler aged (25-60 months) in Mangkung village, District of Central Lombok. Indian J Public Health. 2020;11(3):1593-8.
Fikawati S, Syafiq A, Ririyanti RK, Gemily SC. Energy and protein intakes are associated with stunting among preschool children in Central Jakarta, Indonesia: a case-control study. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition. 2021;27(1).
Mal-Ed Network Investigators. Relationship between growth and illness, enteropathogens and dietary intakes in the first 2 years of life: findings from the MAL-ED birth cohort study. BMJ global health. 2017;2(4):e000370.
Yackobovitch-Gavan M, Phillip M, Gat-Yablonski G. How milk and its proteins affect growth, bone health, and weight. Hormone research in paediatrics. 2017;88(1):63-9.
Alderman H, Headey DD. How important is parental education for child nutrition? World development. 2017;94:448-64.
Fadare O, Mavrotas G, Akerele D, Oyeyemi M. Micronutrient-rich food consumption, intra-household food allocation and child stunting in rural Nigeria. Public health nutrition. 2019;22(3):444-54.
Kinyoki DK, Manda SO, Moloney GM, Odundo EO, Berkley JA, Noor AM, et al. Modelling the ecological comorbidity of acute respiratory infection, diarrhoea and stunting among children under the age of 5 years in Somalia. International Statistical Review. 2017;85(1):164-76.
Kusumawati E, Rahardjo S, Sari HP. Model pengendalian faktor risiko stunting pada anak bawah tiga tahun. Kesmas: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional (National Public Health Journal). 2015;9(3):249-56.
Rahman MS, Howlader T, Masud MS, Rahman ML. Association of low-birth weight with malnutrition in children under five years in Bangladesh: do mother’s education, socio-economic status, and birth interval matter? PloS one. 2016;11(6):e0157814.
Riyanto A. Penerapan Analisis Multivariat dalam Penelitian Kesehatan. Yogyakarta: Nuha Medika; 2017.
Azmy U, Mundiastuti L. Konsumsi zat gizi pada balita stunting dan non-stunting di kabupaten bangkalan. Amerta Nutrition. 2018;2(3):292-8.
Gat-Yablonski G, Phillip M. Nutritionally-induced catch-up growth. Nutrients. 2015;7(1):517-51.
Tessema M, Gunaratna NS, Brouwer ID, Donato K, Cohen JL, McConnell M, et al. Associations among high-quality protein and energy intake, serum transthyretin, serum amino acids and linear growth of children in Ethiopia. Nutrients. 2018;10(11):1776.
Chea MS, Peter C, Nyamota MW. Household Food Security, Dietary Practices and Nutritional Status of Preschool Children in Bahari Division, Kilifi County, Kenya. 2017.
Mikhail WZ, Sobhy HM, El-Sayed HH, Khairy SA, Abu Salem H, Samy MA. Effect of nutritional status on growth pattern of stunted preschool children in Egypt. Academic Journal of Nutrition. 2013;2(1):01-9.
Sari E, Juffrie M, Nurani N, Sitaresmi M. Protein, calcium and phosphorus intake of stunting and non stunting children aged 24-59 months. J Gizi Klin Indones. 2016;12:152-9.
Mohammed SH, Larijani B, Esmaillzadeh A. Concurrent anemia and stunting in young children: prevalence, dietary and non-dietary associated factors. Nutrition journal. 2019;18(1):1-10.
Taufiqurrahman T, Hadi H, Julia M, Herman S. Defisiensi Vitamin A dan Zinc Sebagai Faktor Risiko Terjadinya Stunting pada Balita di Nusa Tenggara Barat. 2019.
Fatimah NSH, Wirjatmadi B. Adequacy Levels Of Vitamin A, Zinc, Iron, and Frequency Of Infections Among Stunting and Non Stunting Children Under Five. Media Gizi Indonesia. 2018;13(2):168-75.
Michaelsen KF. Cow's milk in the prevention and treatment of stunting and wasting. Food and Nutrition Bulletin. 2013;34(2):249-51.
Putri, Mega SW. Pengaruh konsumsi susu dengan kejadian stunting pada anak usia 24 bulan di Kecamatan Duren Sawit tahun 2018= Influence of milk consumption with stunting event in 24-month child in District Duren Sawit East Jakarta year 2018. 2018.
Ernawati F, Prihatini M, Yuriestia A. Gambaran Konsumsi Protein Nabati Dan Hewani Pada Anak Balita Stunting Dan Gizi Kurang Di Indonesia (the Profile of Vegetable-Animal Protein Consumption of Stunting and Underweight Children Under Five Years Old in Indonesia). Nutrition and Food Research. 2017;39(2):95-102.
Muehlhoff E, McMahon D. Milk and dairy products in human nutrition: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. 2013.
Wiley AS, Joshi SM, Lubree HG, Bhat DS, Memane NS, Raut DA, et al. IGF-I and IGFBP-3 concentrations at 2 years: associations with anthropometry and milk consumption in an Indian cohort. European journal of clinical nutrition. 2018;72(4):564-71.
Fikawati S, Adhi E, Syafiq A, Bakara S. Research Article Age of Milk Introduction is a Dominant Factor of Stunting Among Toddlers Aged 24 Months in Bogor District: A Cross-Sectional Study. Pak J Nutr. 2019;18(10):969-76.
Herber C, Bogler L, Subramanian S, Vollmer S. Association between milk consumption and child growth for children aged 6–59 months. Scientific reports. 2020;10(1):1-9.
Sjarif DR, Yuliarti K, Iskandar WJ. Daily consumption of growing-up milk is associated with less stunting among Indonesian toddlers. Medical Journal of Indonesia. 2019;28(1):70-6.
Fikawati S. Analisis Faktor-Faktor Risiko terhadap Kejadian Stunting pada Balita (0-59 Bulan) di Negara Berkembang dan Asia Tenggara. Media Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan. 2019.
Yabancı N, Kısaç İ, Karakuş SŞ. The effects of mother's nutritional knowledge on attitudes and behaviors of children about nutrition. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2014;116:4477-81.
Authors who publish with Journal of Public Health and Pharmacy retain the copyright of their work. The journal applies a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0), which grants the following rights:
-
Copyright Retention: Authors retain the copyright of their work, maintaining full control over their intellectual property without restrictions.
-
Right of First Publication: Authors grant the journal the right of first publication of their work. This ensures that the work is initially published and credited in Journal of Public Health and Pharmacy.
-
License to Share and Reuse: The work is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0, allowing others to copy, distribute, remix, and build upon the work for any purpose, even commercially, as long as proper credit is given to the authors, and any new creations are licensed under the same terms.
