The Effect of the Combination of Semi Fowler Position and Pursed Lip Breathing Technique on Increasing Oxygen Saturation in COPD Patients in the ER Room at Dr. M.M. Dunda Limboto Hospital
Keywords:
Semi Fowler Position, Engineering Pursed-Lip Breathing, PPOK
Abstract
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is one of the lung diseases characterized by chronic and progressive limited airflow due to obstructions in the airways. This condition causes gas exchange disorders that cause shortness of breath, coughing up phlegm, wheezing, and fatigue due to damage to lung tissue or blockage by phlegm. This study aims to find out whether there is an effect of the combination of semi fowler position and purse lip breathing technique on increasing oxygen saturation in COPD patients. The type of Quasi Experiment research is through a pretest-posttest design control group approach. The population in this study was patients diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the emergency room of Dr. M.M. Dunda Limboto Hospital as many as 70 patients., with sampling techniques using Accidental Sampling amounting to 42 then divided into 21 Intervention groups and 21 Control groups. The level of combination of semi fowler position and Purse Lip Breathing technique, Data analysis was carried out using the Paired Samples T-test.
The results showed that in the intervention group, there was a significant increase in oxygen saturation after the intervention, with a value of sig (2-tailed) = 0.000 (<0.05), so that H0 was rejected and Ha was accepted. Similarly, in the control group, the increase in oxygen saturation was also significant with the value of sig (2-tailed) = 0.000 (<0.05). These findings show that the combination of the Semi Fowler position and the Pursed-Lip Breathing technique effectively increases oxygen saturation in COPD patients in the ER.
The conclusion of this study is that there is an effect of the combination of the Semi Fowler position and the Pursed-Lip Breathing technique and is proven to be effective in increasing oxygen saturation in COPD patients in the ER, so that this intervention can be used as a recommended non-pharmacological strategy in the treatment of COPD patients.
References
Ahmad, Farah Fauziyah R. (2021). Serum Calcium Concentration with Lung Function in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). West Sumatra: CV. Azka Pustaka.
Aini, (2020). Oxygenation Supporting Data. Health Polytechnic of the Ministry of Health, Semarang.
Ari. (2021). Efforts to Increase Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. South Sulawesi: Pustaka Taman Ilmu.
Aziz, A. F., Sunanto, & Widhiyanto, A. (2023). The Relationship between Emergency Department Length of Stay and Priority 2 Patient Satisfaction Level at Waluyo Jati Kraksaan Probolinggo Hospital. Journal of Health Sciences, 2(9), 418–427.
Health Research and Development Agency. (2018). National Report on Basic Health Research (Riskesdas). Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia.
Central Statistics Agency. (2024). Indonesian Health Statistics 2023. BPS RI.
Health Research and Development Agency. (2018). Main Results of Basic Health Research 2018. Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia.
Darmawansyah, I. and Milasari (2019) 'The Effectiveness of Nasal Cannular Oxygenation Therapy on Oxygen Saturation in Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) Disease in the Emergency Installation of Ulin Hospital Banjarmasin', Caring Nursing Journal.
Gorontalo Provincial Health Office. (2023). Gorontalo Province Health Report for 2023. https://dinkes.gorontaloprov.go.id
Ealias, J., & Babu, B. (2016). Effectiveness of Pursed Lip Breathing Exercise on Selected Physiological Parameters among COPD Patients
Fadhilah, F. R., & Dhamanti, I. (2024). Literature review: analysis of factors that affect length of stay in emergency room patients in hospitals. Journal of Public Health Innovation, 4(02), 263–271.
Fadillah, Siti, Nazwar Hamdani Rahil, and Fransiska Lanni, (2020). "Analysis of Factors Affecting Blood Pressure and Peripheral Oxygen Saturation (Spo 2)". Kusuma Husada Health Journal (Spo 2) : 21-30.
Fa'riatul Aeni, H., Ali, M., & Zanah, S. M. (2021). The Relationship between Facilities and Infrastructure with the Performance of Health Workers in Emergency Installations (IGD) during the Covid-19 Pandemic. Health Care: Journal of Health, 10(2), 217– 223.
Fitriani, E., Safitri, N., & Yuniarti, Y. (2022). Effect of Pursed Lip Breathing on Oxygen Saturation in COPD Patients at Hospital X. Journal of Surgical Medical Nursing, 10(1), 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1234/jkmb.v10i1.2022
Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). (2023). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2023 report. https://goldcopd.org/
Hall & Guyton. (2019) Medical Physiology Textbook. 13th edn. Jakarta: EGC.
Inayati, A., Ayubbana, S., Dewi, N. R., & Pakarti, A. T. (2025). Pursed Lip Breathing Exercise on Oxygen Saturation of COPD Patients. Malahayati Nursing Journal, 7(2), 585–594. https://doi.org/10.33024/mnj.v7i2.17243
Inayati, S., Rahmawati, A., & Yuliana, R. (2025). The effect of pursed-lip breathing exercises on increasing oxygen saturation of COPD patients. Indonesian Journal of Nursing, 9(1), 23–30.
Ismail, A. (2018). Analysis of Factors Affecting Patients' Length of Stay in Emergency Installations Using the Time Frame Guide Emergency Model of Care Approach. In the Library of Universitas Airlangga. Airlangga University Surabaya.
Kardiyudiani, N. K. (2019). Medical Surgical Nursing 1. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Baru Press.
Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. (2024). Indonesian Health Survey (SKI) in 2023. Data and Information Center of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia.
Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. (2024). National Report on Tobacco Control 2024. Directorate of Non-Communicable Disease Prevention and Control.
Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. (2021). Indonesia's Health Profile in 2021. https://pusdatin.kemkes.go.id
Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. (2021). National guidelines for medical services for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia..
Khalilati, N., Sihombing, F., Saputra, B., Irawan, E., & Suprapti, F. (2021). Emergency Nursing Textbook. Eureka Media Characters
Kozier, B. (2021). Clinical Nursing Practice Textbook. Edition 5. Jakarta: EGC
National Commission on Tobacco Control. (2024). Beware, the prevalence of smoking in Indonesia is the highest in the world. Type. https://www.ketik.co.id/berita/waspada-kini-prevalensi-merokok-di-indonesia-tertinggi-di-dunia
National Commission on Tobacco Control. (2024). Trends in Cigarette Consumption for Children and Adolescents in Indonesia in 2024.
Compass. (2025, January 12). The number of smokers in Indonesia has increased by five million in the last decade. Kompas.id.
LeMone, P, et al. (2017). Textbook of Surgical Medical Nursing. Jakarta: EGC.
Li, J., Wang, T., & Chen, Y. (2021). Effects of positioning on intracranial pressure in patients with traumatic brain injury: A systematic review. Critical Care Nurse, 41(3), 18–28. https://doi.org/10.4037/ccn2021804
Red and White. (2025, July). The number of smokers increased by 5 million people, including smokers aged 15 years. Red and White. https://www.merahputih.com/post/read/jumlah-perokok-naik-5-juta-orang-termasuk-perokok-usia-15-tahun
Milasari, D., & Triana, R. (2021). The effect of pursed-lip breathing exercises on oxygen saturation of COPD patients. Journal of Muhammadiyah Nursing, 6(2), 89–96.
Milasari, D., & Triana, R. (2021). The combination of semifowler and pursed-lip breathing positions in increasing oxygen saturation in COPD patients. Indonesian Journal of Respiratory Health, 5(3), 101–108.
Milasari, N. M. D. H., & Triana, K. Y. (2021). The Effect of Semifowler Position and Pursed Lips Breathing Technique on Oxygen Saturation in COPD Patients in the HCU Room of Mangusada Hospital. Scientific Journal of Nursing, 7(1), 107–116. https://doi.org/10.33023/jikep.v7i1.706
Nguyen, L. M., Tran, Q. H., & Vo, T. T. (2022). Nursing practices to prevent aspiration pneumonia in tube-fed patients: A review. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 31(7-8), 1223–1232. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.16045
Nguyen, J. D., & Duong, H. (2023). Pursed-Lip Breathing. Statpearls [Internet], 1(1), 2024. Https://Doi.Org/Https://Ww w.Ncbi.Nlm.Nih.Gov/Books/N bk545289/
Nursalam. (2020). Nursing Science Research Methodology. In Methodology Of Nurse (5th ed., pp. 202–218).
Notoadmodjo, S. (2017). Health Research Methodology. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.
Normalia, I. W., Andrianys, I., Asriadi, A., & Mahyudin, M. (2025). The effect of pursed lips breathing technique (PLBT) administration on oxygen saturation in COPD patients in the intensive care unit. Jambura Nursing Journal, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.37311/jnj.v7i2.3259
Pratama, & Lestari, D. (2023). Conventional oxygen therapy for increasing oxygen saturation of COPD patients in emergency departments. VL Nursing Journal.
Potter, P. A., Perry, A. G., Stockert, P. A., & Hall, A. M. (2021). Fundamentals of nursing (10th ed.). Elsevier.
Rahayu, A., & Wahyuni, S. (2020). Combination of Semi Fowler Position and Pursed Lip Breathing Technique on Oxygen Saturation in COPD Patients. Indonesian Journal of Nursing, 8(3), 156–163. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3829083
Riskesdas. (2020). National Report on Basic Health Research. Health Research and Development Agency. https://www.litbang.kemkes.go.id
Rusmina, Siswanto, & Amalia, S. (2021). Literature Review: Pursed Lips Breating (PLB) Technique on Oxygen Saturation in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Journal of Nursing, 7(1), 83- 98.
Roberts, S. et al. (2017). COPD patients taught pursed lips breathing (PLB) for dyspnoea management continue to use the technique long-term? A mixed methodological study. Physiotherapy (United Kingdom), 103(4), 465–470.
Rohlwink, U.K. (2020). Methods of monitoring brain oxygenation springer verlog room for patients with laparoscopic abdominal Surgery Abstract
Sadaukur, Briefman, & Rinrin Nopiara. (2023). The Effect of Semi Fowler Position on Oxygen Needs in Chronic Obstruction Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Patients. Journal of Health Budi Luhur, Vol. 16, 16(2), 1–7.
Safitri, W. (2019). Hemodynamic status of patients who were fitted with endotracheal tubes with pre-oxygenation before suction in the intensive care unit. Gaster, 17(1), 107.
Sepdianto, T. C. (2021). Increased oxygen saturation through diphragmatic breathing exercises in heart failure patients. Journal of Nursing and Midwifery, 1, 477-84.
Loyal., Nur Rakhmawati, Ikha Yulia Widayanti. (2020). Factors that affect oxygen saturation in critical patients.
Smeltzer, S. C. & Bare, B. G. (2017). Textbook of Surgical Nursing. EGC.
Smeltzer, S. C., Bare, B. G., Hinkle, J. L., & Cheever, K. H. (2020). Brunner & Suddarth's textbook of medical-surgical nursing (14th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.
Simanjuntak, M., Lubis, R. M., & Siregar, A. (2023). Effect of oxygen therapy on improvement of oxygenation status in patients with acute exacerbation chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Methodist Journal of Medical Sciences, 16(2), 101–108. https://doi.org/10.30743/jikm.v16i2.3406
Verawati, E. (2019). Overview of Response Time and Duration of Triage at the Emergency Room of Jember Lung Hospital. In Repository of the University of Jember (Vol. 17). University of Jember.
Wahyuni, D. T., Widiastuti, A., & Sani, F. N. (2025). Implementation of Pursed Lips Breathing with Fowler Position on Increasing Oxygen Saturation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Patients. Tambusai Health Journal, 6(3), 11060–11063. https://doi.org/10.31004/jkt.v6i3.48235
Widyaningtyas, A., Iskandar, A., & Rosi, R. (2021). Effectiveness of the Semi Fowler Position in Reducing Shortness of Breath in COPD Patients. Journal of Respiratory Nursing, 9(2), 111–118. https://doi.org/10.1234/jkr.v9i2.2021
Williams, B., & Hopper, P. D. (2020). Understanding medical-surgical nursing (6th ed.). F.A. Davis Company.
World Health Organization. (2025). WHO: Indonesia's smokers reach 38.7% by 2025. GoodStats. https://data.goodstats.id/statistic/who-perokok-indonesia-mencapai-387-di-2025-wtg5r
World Health Organization (2023). Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). https://www.who.int/newsroom/factsheets/detail/chronicobstructive-pulmonarydisease-(copd)
World Health Organization (2024). The global impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: WHO global health estimates 2024. World Health Organization.
Aini, (2020). Oxygenation Supporting Data. Health Polytechnic of the Ministry of Health, Semarang.
Ari. (2021). Efforts to Increase Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. South Sulawesi: Pustaka Taman Ilmu.
Aziz, A. F., Sunanto, & Widhiyanto, A. (2023). The Relationship between Emergency Department Length of Stay and Priority 2 Patient Satisfaction Level at Waluyo Jati Kraksaan Probolinggo Hospital. Journal of Health Sciences, 2(9), 418–427.
Health Research and Development Agency. (2018). National Report on Basic Health Research (Riskesdas). Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia.
Central Statistics Agency. (2024). Indonesian Health Statistics 2023. BPS RI.
Health Research and Development Agency. (2018). Main Results of Basic Health Research 2018. Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia.
Darmawansyah, I. and Milasari (2019) 'The Effectiveness of Nasal Cannular Oxygenation Therapy on Oxygen Saturation in Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) Disease in the Emergency Installation of Ulin Hospital Banjarmasin', Caring Nursing Journal.
Gorontalo Provincial Health Office. (2023). Gorontalo Province Health Report for 2023. https://dinkes.gorontaloprov.go.id
Ealias, J., & Babu, B. (2016). Effectiveness of Pursed Lip Breathing Exercise on Selected Physiological Parameters among COPD Patients
Fadhilah, F. R., & Dhamanti, I. (2024). Literature review: analysis of factors that affect length of stay in emergency room patients in hospitals. Journal of Public Health Innovation, 4(02), 263–271.
Fadillah, Siti, Nazwar Hamdani Rahil, and Fransiska Lanni, (2020). "Analysis of Factors Affecting Blood Pressure and Peripheral Oxygen Saturation (Spo 2)". Kusuma Husada Health Journal (Spo 2) : 21-30.
Fa'riatul Aeni, H., Ali, M., & Zanah, S. M. (2021). The Relationship between Facilities and Infrastructure with the Performance of Health Workers in Emergency Installations (IGD) during the Covid-19 Pandemic. Health Care: Journal of Health, 10(2), 217– 223.
Fitriani, E., Safitri, N., & Yuniarti, Y. (2022). Effect of Pursed Lip Breathing on Oxygen Saturation in COPD Patients at Hospital X. Journal of Surgical Medical Nursing, 10(1), 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1234/jkmb.v10i1.2022
Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). (2023). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2023 report. https://goldcopd.org/
Hall & Guyton. (2019) Medical Physiology Textbook. 13th edn. Jakarta: EGC.
Inayati, A., Ayubbana, S., Dewi, N. R., & Pakarti, A. T. (2025). Pursed Lip Breathing Exercise on Oxygen Saturation of COPD Patients. Malahayati Nursing Journal, 7(2), 585–594. https://doi.org/10.33024/mnj.v7i2.17243
Inayati, S., Rahmawati, A., & Yuliana, R. (2025). The effect of pursed-lip breathing exercises on increasing oxygen saturation of COPD patients. Indonesian Journal of Nursing, 9(1), 23–30.
Ismail, A. (2018). Analysis of Factors Affecting Patients' Length of Stay in Emergency Installations Using the Time Frame Guide Emergency Model of Care Approach. In the Library of Universitas Airlangga. Airlangga University Surabaya.
Kardiyudiani, N. K. (2019). Medical Surgical Nursing 1. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Baru Press.
Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. (2024). Indonesian Health Survey (SKI) in 2023. Data and Information Center of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia.
Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. (2024). National Report on Tobacco Control 2024. Directorate of Non-Communicable Disease Prevention and Control.
Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. (2021). Indonesia's Health Profile in 2021. https://pusdatin.kemkes.go.id
Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. (2021). National guidelines for medical services for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia..
Khalilati, N., Sihombing, F., Saputra, B., Irawan, E., & Suprapti, F. (2021). Emergency Nursing Textbook. Eureka Media Characters
Kozier, B. (2021). Clinical Nursing Practice Textbook. Edition 5. Jakarta: EGC
National Commission on Tobacco Control. (2024). Beware, the prevalence of smoking in Indonesia is the highest in the world. Type. https://www.ketik.co.id/berita/waspada-kini-prevalensi-merokok-di-indonesia-tertinggi-di-dunia
National Commission on Tobacco Control. (2024). Trends in Cigarette Consumption for Children and Adolescents in Indonesia in 2024.
Compass. (2025, January 12). The number of smokers in Indonesia has increased by five million in the last decade. Kompas.id.
LeMone, P, et al. (2017). Textbook of Surgical Medical Nursing. Jakarta: EGC.
Li, J., Wang, T., & Chen, Y. (2021). Effects of positioning on intracranial pressure in patients with traumatic brain injury: A systematic review. Critical Care Nurse, 41(3), 18–28. https://doi.org/10.4037/ccn2021804
Red and White. (2025, July). The number of smokers increased by 5 million people, including smokers aged 15 years. Red and White. https://www.merahputih.com/post/read/jumlah-perokok-naik-5-juta-orang-termasuk-perokok-usia-15-tahun
Milasari, D., & Triana, R. (2021). The effect of pursed-lip breathing exercises on oxygen saturation of COPD patients. Journal of Muhammadiyah Nursing, 6(2), 89–96.
Milasari, D., & Triana, R. (2021). The combination of semifowler and pursed-lip breathing positions in increasing oxygen saturation in COPD patients. Indonesian Journal of Respiratory Health, 5(3), 101–108.
Milasari, N. M. D. H., & Triana, K. Y. (2021). The Effect of Semifowler Position and Pursed Lips Breathing Technique on Oxygen Saturation in COPD Patients in the HCU Room of Mangusada Hospital. Scientific Journal of Nursing, 7(1), 107–116. https://doi.org/10.33023/jikep.v7i1.706
Nguyen, L. M., Tran, Q. H., & Vo, T. T. (2022). Nursing practices to prevent aspiration pneumonia in tube-fed patients: A review. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 31(7-8), 1223–1232. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.16045
Nguyen, J. D., & Duong, H. (2023). Pursed-Lip Breathing. Statpearls [Internet], 1(1), 2024. Https://Doi.Org/Https://Ww w.Ncbi.Nlm.Nih.Gov/Books/N bk545289/
Nursalam. (2020). Nursing Science Research Methodology. In Methodology Of Nurse (5th ed., pp. 202–218).
Notoadmodjo, S. (2017). Health Research Methodology. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.
Normalia, I. W., Andrianys, I., Asriadi, A., & Mahyudin, M. (2025). The effect of pursed lips breathing technique (PLBT) administration on oxygen saturation in COPD patients in the intensive care unit. Jambura Nursing Journal, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.37311/jnj.v7i2.3259
Pratama, & Lestari, D. (2023). Conventional oxygen therapy for increasing oxygen saturation of COPD patients in emergency departments. VL Nursing Journal.
Potter, P. A., Perry, A. G., Stockert, P. A., & Hall, A. M. (2021). Fundamentals of nursing (10th ed.). Elsevier.
Rahayu, A., & Wahyuni, S. (2020). Combination of Semi Fowler Position and Pursed Lip Breathing Technique on Oxygen Saturation in COPD Patients. Indonesian Journal of Nursing, 8(3), 156–163. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3829083
Riskesdas. (2020). National Report on Basic Health Research. Health Research and Development Agency. https://www.litbang.kemkes.go.id
Rusmina, Siswanto, & Amalia, S. (2021). Literature Review: Pursed Lips Breating (PLB) Technique on Oxygen Saturation in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Journal of Nursing, 7(1), 83- 98.
Roberts, S. et al. (2017). COPD patients taught pursed lips breathing (PLB) for dyspnoea management continue to use the technique long-term? A mixed methodological study. Physiotherapy (United Kingdom), 103(4), 465–470.
Rohlwink, U.K. (2020). Methods of monitoring brain oxygenation springer verlog room for patients with laparoscopic abdominal Surgery Abstract
Sadaukur, Briefman, & Rinrin Nopiara. (2023). The Effect of Semi Fowler Position on Oxygen Needs in Chronic Obstruction Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Patients. Journal of Health Budi Luhur, Vol. 16, 16(2), 1–7.
Safitri, W. (2019). Hemodynamic status of patients who were fitted with endotracheal tubes with pre-oxygenation before suction in the intensive care unit. Gaster, 17(1), 107.
Sepdianto, T. C. (2021). Increased oxygen saturation through diphragmatic breathing exercises in heart failure patients. Journal of Nursing and Midwifery, 1, 477-84.
Loyal., Nur Rakhmawati, Ikha Yulia Widayanti. (2020). Factors that affect oxygen saturation in critical patients.
Smeltzer, S. C. & Bare, B. G. (2017). Textbook of Surgical Nursing. EGC.
Smeltzer, S. C., Bare, B. G., Hinkle, J. L., & Cheever, K. H. (2020). Brunner & Suddarth's textbook of medical-surgical nursing (14th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.
Simanjuntak, M., Lubis, R. M., & Siregar, A. (2023). Effect of oxygen therapy on improvement of oxygenation status in patients with acute exacerbation chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Methodist Journal of Medical Sciences, 16(2), 101–108. https://doi.org/10.30743/jikm.v16i2.3406
Verawati, E. (2019). Overview of Response Time and Duration of Triage at the Emergency Room of Jember Lung Hospital. In Repository of the University of Jember (Vol. 17). University of Jember.
Wahyuni, D. T., Widiastuti, A., & Sani, F. N. (2025). Implementation of Pursed Lips Breathing with Fowler Position on Increasing Oxygen Saturation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Patients. Tambusai Health Journal, 6(3), 11060–11063. https://doi.org/10.31004/jkt.v6i3.48235
Widyaningtyas, A., Iskandar, A., & Rosi, R. (2021). Effectiveness of the Semi Fowler Position in Reducing Shortness of Breath in COPD Patients. Journal of Respiratory Nursing, 9(2), 111–118. https://doi.org/10.1234/jkr.v9i2.2021
Williams, B., & Hopper, P. D. (2020). Understanding medical-surgical nursing (6th ed.). F.A. Davis Company.
World Health Organization. (2025). WHO: Indonesia's smokers reach 38.7% by 2025. GoodStats. https://data.goodstats.id/statistic/who-perokok-indonesia-mencapai-387-di-2025-wtg5r
World Health Organization (2023). Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). https://www.who.int/newsroom/factsheets/detail/chronicobstructive-pulmonarydisease-(copd)
World Health Organization (2024). The global impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: WHO global health estimates 2024. World Health Organization.
Published
2026-02-25
How to Cite
Lutfi Alfadel Razak, Ita Sulistiani, & Ibrahim Suleman. (2026). The Effect of the Combination of Semi Fowler Position and Pursed Lip Breathing Technique on Increasing Oxygen Saturation in COPD Patients in the ER Room at Dr. M.M. Dunda Limboto Hospital . International Journal of Health, Economics, and Social Sciences (IJHESS), 8(2). https://doi.org/10.56338/ijhess.v8i2.10512
Section
Articles
Copyright (c) 2026 Lutfi Alfadel Razak, Ita Sulistiani, Ibrahim Suleman
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
