Articles published in International Journal of Health, Economics, and Social Science (IJHESS) are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY).

Under this license, users are free to:

• Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format

• Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, including commercial use

provided that appropriate credit is given to the original author(s) and the source of publication in IJHESS.

The license allows unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction of published articles as long as the following conditions are fulfilled:

• Proper citation of the original work is provided

• A link to the license is included when applicable

• Any modifications made to the original work are clearly indicated

Authors retain the copyright of their published articles while granting International Journal of Health, Economics, and Social Science (IJHESS) the right to publish and distribute the work as the original publisher.

The use of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license supports:

• Open access dissemination of scientific knowledge

• Greater visibility and citation of published research

• Academic collaboration and information sharing

• Wider accessibility for researchers, educators, students, policymakers, and the public

Further information regarding the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) is available at:

Creative Commons CC BY License

The publisher, Universitas Muhammadiyah Palu, is committed to promoting ethical open-access publishing and broad dissemination of scholarly research through international licensing standards.