Kontaminasi Etilen Oksida pada Produk Pangan: Dampak, Risiko Kesehatan, dan Regulasi
Keywords:
keamanan pangan, EtO, kontaminasi kimiawi, pestisida, risiko kesehatan
Abstract
Keamanan pangan merupakan isu global yang krusial terkait dengan kesehatan masyarakat, dimana berbagai faktor dapat menyebabkan terjadinya penyakit bawaan makanan (foodborne illness). Salah satu isu yang menjadi perhatian adalah kontaminasi kimiawi, khususnya residu pestisida etilen okdisa (EtO), yang digunakan untuk mencegah pertumbuhan mikroorganisme pada komoditas pertanian. Meskipun EtO dilarang penggunaannya pada sektor pangan di Uni Eropa karena sifat mutagenik dan karsinogeniknya, beberapa negara seperti India, Amerika Serikat, dan Kanada masih mengizinkannya. Kasus kontaminasi EtO dalam produk pangan, terutama biji wijen yang diimpor dari India, telah meningkat secara signifikan sejak 2020. Di Belgia, pada September 2020, ditemukan residu EtO pada biji wijen dengan kadar 30,1 mg/kg, jauh melebihi batas maksimum residu (BMR), yaitu 0,05 mg/kg. Sejak itu, tercatat 433 kasus kontaminasi EtO pada produk biji wijen, yang memicu perubahan regulasi di Uni Eropa untuk meningkatkan pengujian kontaminasi ini. EtO sendiri diketahui bersifat karsinogenik dan berbahaya bagi kesehatan manusia, dengan potensi menyebabkan kanker dan gangguan sistem tubuh lain dalam paparan jangka panjang. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji lebih dalam tentang senyawa EtO termasuk di dalamnya profil toksikologi, dampak toksikologi EtO, mekanisme metabolisme EtO, dan regulasi yang mengatur mengenai EtO di berbagai negara.
References
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JECFA (1997). Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Specifications for identity and purity of certain food additives. WHO Food Additives Series 52: 41-48. World Health Organisation, Geneva.
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____. (2024). Foodborne diseases. [available at https://www.who.int/health-topics/foodborne-diseases#tab=tab_1]. Accessed 18 November 2024.
ATSDR. (2022). Toxicological Profile for Ethylene Oxide. [ available at https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp137.pdf]. Accessed 28 November 2024.
Bessaire, T., Stroheker, T., Eriksen, B., Mujahid, C., Hammel, Y-Alexis., Varela, J., Delatour, T., Panchaud, A., Mottier, P., Stadler, R.H. (2021). Analysis of ethylene oxide in ice creams manufactured with contaminated carob bean gum (E410). Food Additives and Contaminants. Part A Chemistry Analysis Control Exposure and Risk Assessment 2021: 1-12.
BPOM (Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan. (2022). Pedoman Mitigasi Risiko Kesehatan Senyawa Etilen Oksida, 2,6-diisopropilaftalena, dan 9,10-Antrakinon. Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan RI.
Center for Food Safety. (2022). Ethylene oxide found in prepackaged instant tossed noodle samples from Indonesia. [available at https://www.cfs.gov.hk/english/whatsnew/whatsnew_fa/2022_491.html]. Accessed 12 Desember 2024.
Commission Regulation of European United. (2015). Commission Regulation (EU) 2015/868 of 26 May 2015, amending Annexes II, III and V to Regulation (EC) No 396/ 2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards maximum residue levels for 2,4,5-T, barban, binapacryl, bromophos-ethyl, camphechlor (toxaphene), chlorbufam, chloroxuron, chlozolinate, DNOC, di-allate, dinoseb, dinoterb, dioxathion, ethylene oxide, fentin acetate, fentin hydroxide, flucycloxuron, flucythrinate, formothion, mecarbam, methacrifos, monolinuron, phenothrin, propham, pyrazophos, quinalphos, resmethrin, tecnazene and vinclozolin in or on certain products. Off J Eur Union. L 145/1. [available at https:// eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri= CELEX:32015R0868&from=EN]. Accessed 27 November 2024.
CFIA (Canadian Food Inspection Agency). (2019). Proposed Maximum Residue Limit PMRL2019-29, Ethylene. [ available at https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/consumer-product-safety/pesticides-pest-management/public/consultations/proposed-maximum-residue-limit/2019/ethylene-oxide/document.html. Accessed 11 November 2024.
Dudkiewicz, A., Dutta, P., & Ko?o?yn-Krajewska, D. (2022). Ethylene oxide in foods: current approach to the risk assessment and practical considerations based on the European food business operator perspective. European Food Research and Technology 248(7) : 1951–1958. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-022-04018-7.
European Union. (1986). Council Directive 86/355/EEC of 21 July 1986 amending Directive 79/117/EEC prohibiting the placing on the market and use of plant protection products containing certain active substances. [available at https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:31986L0355]. Accessed 24 November 2024.
ECHA (European Chemicals Agency). (2020). Ethylene Oxide. [available at https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.000.773]. Accessed 12 November 2024.
Everington, K. (2022). Taiwan rejects 4,000 kg of contaminated instant noodles from Indonesia [available at https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/news/4589100] Accessed 9 Desember 2024.
EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). (1992a). Ethylene oxide; tolerances for residues. US Code fed. Regul., Title 40, Part 180.151, p. 311.
_____. (1992b). Ethylene oxide. US Code fed. Regul., Title 40, Part 185.2850, p. 456.
_____. (2016). Evaluation of the Inhalation Carcinogenicity of Ethylene Oxide. [available at https://iris.epa.gov/static/pdfs/1025tr.pdf]. Accessed 3 Desember 2024.
_____. (2020). EtO Draft Risk Assessment for Pesticide Registration Review. [available at https://www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/eto-draft-risk-assessment-pesticide-registrationreview]. Accessed 12 November 2024.
_____. (2023). Ethylene oxide CASRN 75-21-8 | DTXSID0020600. [available at https://iris.epa.gov/Document/&deid=329730]. Accessed 3 Desember 2024.
Environmental Protection Agency European Commission. (2021). Ethylene Oxide (EtO) on food products: Outcome of the meeting with Experts on technical aspects of 4 October 2021. Brussels, 26/11/2021 (Webex). [available at https://food.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2021-12/adv-grp_plenary_20211126_pres_05.pdf]. Accessed 12 November 2024.
Fikri, E., Firmansyah, Y.W. A case report of ethylene oxide contamination in ice cream “Häagen-Dazs”, How in Indonesia?. Serambi Engineering 7(4): 3789 - 3792.
Food and Agriculture Organization. (2001). Operation of the interim Prior Informed Consent procedure for banned or severely restricted chemicals in international trade Decision Guidance Documents Ethylene oxide Interim Secretariat for the Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade. Geneva, Food and Agriculture Organization.
Fowles, J., Mitchell, J. & McGrath, H. (2001) Assessment of cancer risk from ethylene oxide residues in spices imported into New Zealand. Food. chem. Toxicol., 39, 1055–1062.
Gizaw, Z. (2019). Public health risks related to food safety issues in the food market: A systematic literature review. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine 24 (1). BioMed Central Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-019-0825-5.
Government of the Hongkong Special Administrative Region. (2022). [available at https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202209/27/P2022092700566.htm] Accessed 9 Desember 2024.
Grady, W. M., & Ulrich, C. M. (2007). DNA alkylation and DNA methylation: Cooperating mechanisms driving the formation of colorectal adenomas and adenocarcinomas?. Gut 56(3): 318–320. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2006.106849.
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (2008). IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Volume 97. 1,3-butadiene, ethylene oxide and vinyl halides (vinyl fluoride, vinyl chloride and vinyl bromide). IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, 97, 3–471.
_____. (2012). Ethylene oxide, in: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Chemical Agents and Related Occupations, 100F, World Health Organization (WHO)-International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France, pp. 379–400.
Jensen, K.G. (1988) Determination of ethylene oxide residues in processed food products by gas-liquid chromatography after derivatization. Z. Lebensmitt. Untersuch. Forsch., 187, 535–540.
JECFA (1997). Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Specifications for identity and purity of certain food additives. WHO Food Additives Series 52: 41-48. World Health Organisation, Geneva.
Kreuzer, P.E. (1992) [Permeation Kinetics of Ethylene Oxide in Gaseous Form and Dissolved Other Matrices Through the Skin of Rats, Hamsters and Humans] (GSF-Bericht 19/92), Neuherberg, GSF-Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit (in German).
MFDS (Ministry of Food and Drug Safety of Republic of Korean). 2009. Evaluation Guideline for Sterile Quasi-Drugs – ????????. [available at https://r.search.yahoo.com/_ylt=AwrKBVyc0VZnDwIA0F3LQwx.;_ylu=Y29sbwNzZzMEcG9zAzEEdnRpZAMEc2VjA3Ny/RV=2/RE=1734952605/RO=10/RU=https%3a%2f%2fwww.mfds.go.kr%2feng%2fbrd%2fm_27%2fdown.do%3fbrd_id%3deng0005%26seq%3d71867%26data_tp%3dA%26file_seq%3d1/RK=2/RS=r7F5WteoC2EiF7jbfckc2uamI3E- ]. Accessed 4 Desember 2024.
_____. 2020. [USA] EPA Continues Action to Address Ethylene Oxide (2020-11-19). [available at https://www.mfds.go.kr/eng/brd/m_60/view.do?seq=75107]. Accessed 4 Desember 2024.
National Research Centre. (2010). Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals. Volume 9. National Academies Press.
Pubchem. (2024). Ethylene Oxide. [available at https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6354#section=Structures]. Accessed 18 November 2024.
Rodrigues, R.A. (2022). Häagen-Dazs recall: List of products and best before dates revealed amid chemical contamination fears. [available at https://www.sportskeeda.com/pop-culture/haagen-dazs-recall-list-products-best-dates-revealed-amid-chemical-contamination-fears]. Accessed 19 December 2024.
Röhrs, S., Nagy, K., Kreutzer, M., Stadler, R., Rohn, S., & Pfeifer, Y. (2025). Identifying food safety risks with a novel digitally-driven food safety early warning tool – A retrospective study on the pesticide ethylene oxide. Food Control, 168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2024.110939.
Scheick, C., Spiteller, G., & Dasenbrock, C. (1997) Thiodiacetic acid—a metabolite of ethylene oxide. Z. Naturforsch., 52C, 70–76.
WHO (2003) Ethylene Oxide (Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 54), Geneva, World Health Organization [available at http://www.inchem,org/documents/cicads/cidads/cicad54.htm]. Accessed 18 November 2024.
____. (2024). Foodborne diseases. [available at https://www.who.int/health-topics/foodborne-diseases#tab=tab_1]. Accessed 18 November 2024.
Published
2024-12-11
Section
Artikel Review
