Analisis Konseptual Pengambilan Keputusan Berbasis Big Data dalam Pelayanan Publik
Conceptual Analysis of Big Data-Based Decision Making in Public Services
Abstract
Perkembangan transformasi digital telah mendorong berbagai negara untuk memanfaatkan teknologi Big Data sebagai instrumen pendukung dalam proses pengambilan keputusan di sektor publik. Berdasarkan data UN E-Government Survey tahun 2024, Indonesia mencatat nilai EGDI sebesar 0,7991 dan menempati peringkat ke-64 dari 193 negara, masih berada di bawah Singapura yang memperoleh skor 0,9691 (peringkat 3) serta Korea Selatan dengan skor 0,9679 (peringkat 4). Di sisi lain, implementasi pemerintahan digital di Indonesia masih menghadapi tantangan integrasi sistem, ditunjukkan oleh keberadaan lebih dari 27.400 aplikasi dan sekitar 2.700 pusat data/server yang dikelola oleh Kementerian, Lembaga, dan Pemerintah Daerah namun belum terhubung secara optimal. Kondisi tersebut menunjukkan adanya kesenjangan antara besarnya potensi pemanfaatan Big Data dan realitas implementasinya dalam tata kelola pemerintahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji peluang penerapan Big Data dalam mendukung pengambilan keputusan pelayanan publik, mengidentifikasi berbagai hambatan yang dihadapi dalam proses implementasinya, serta menyusun kerangka konseptual yang dapat dijadikan acuan bagi instansi pemerintah di Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan adalah Systematic Literature Review (SLR) dengan pendekatan kualitatif melalui penelusuran literatur pada Google Scholar, Portal Garuda, dan SINTA. Sebanyak 45 dokumen yang memenuhi kriteria seleksi dianalisis menggunakan teknik analisis isi dan analisis tematik. Hasil penelitian mengidentifikasi lima kelompok utama tantangan implementasi Big Data, yaitu aspek keamanan dan privasi data (27%), keterbatasan infrastruktur serta interoperabilitas sistem (26%), kesiapan sumber daya manusia aparatur sipil negara dalam bidang digital (22%), regulasi dan tata kelola data (16%), serta resistensi organisasi terhadap perubahan (9%). Sebagai kontribusi teoretis, penelitian ini menghasilkan model konseptual DECIDE-Public yang mengintegrasikan dimensi teknologis, kelembagaan, dan etika digital sebagai landasan pengembangan kebijakan publik berbasis data di Indonesia.
ABSTRACT
The advancement of digital transformation has prompted various countries to utilize Big Data technology as a tool to support decision-making in the public sector. According to data from the 2024 UN E-Government Survey, Indonesia recorded an EGDI score of 0.7991 and ranked 64th out of 193 countries, still trailing behind Singapore, which scored 0.9691 (3rd place), and South Korea, with a score of 0.9679 (4th place). On the other hand, the implementation of digital government in Indonesia still faces challenges in system integration, as evidenced by the existence of more than 27,400 applications and approximately 2,700 data centers/servers managed by Ministries, Agencies, and Local Governments that are not yet optimally connected. This situation highlights a gap between the vast potential of Big Data utilization and the reality of its implementation in government administration. This study aims to examine opportunities for applying Big Data to support public service decision-making, identify various obstacles encountered in the implementation process, and develop a conceptual framework that can serve as a reference for government agencies in Indonesia. The method used was a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) with a qualitative approach, involving a literature search on Google Scholar, Portal Garuda, and SINTA. A total of 45 documents that met the selection criteria were analyzed using content analysis and thematic analysis techniques. The research results identified five main groups of challenges in Big Data implementation, namely data security and privacy aspects (27%), infrastructure limitations and system interoperability (26%), the readiness of civil service human resources in the digital field (22%), data regulation and governance (16%), and organizational resistance to change (9%). As a theoretical contribution, this study produced the DECIDE-Public conceptual model, which integrates technological, institutional, and digital ethical dimensions as the foundation for data-driven public policy development in Indonesia.
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