Karakteristik dan Etiologi Dominan Penyebab Individu Suspek Infeksi di Rumah Sakit Undata Palu
Characteristics and Etiology of Dominant Causes of Individuals Suspected of Infection at Undata Hospital, Palu
Keywords:
Suspek Infeksi, Rawat Jalan, Rawat Inap, Isolat Bakteri
Abstract
Latarbelakang. Pandemi Covid-19 menyebabkan pembatasan kegiatan masyarakat, termasuk pemberian layanan Kesehatan yang terbatas dalam mengurangi penyebaran penyakit dan memberikan dampak terhadap penurunan tingkat layanan di Rumah Sakit khususnya pasien yang menjalani rawat jalan dan rawat inap. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui karakteristik suspek infeksi rawat jalan dan rawat inap Selama Pemberlakuan Pembatasan Kegiatan Masyarakat (PPKM) di Kota Palu. Metode Penelitian dengan pendekatan penelitian deskriptif, data rawat jalan dan rawat inap diperoleh dari rekam medis sebanyak 190 responden selama periode 2020-2021 yang memiliki sifat karakteristik tertentu (sesuai kriteria)inklusi penelitian. Hasil didapatkan dari 190 responden berdasarkan jenis kelamin (laki-laki 82.1%, perempuan 17.9%), Usia terbanyak (41-55 tahun) 67(35.3%), layanan (Rawat Jalan 132 (69.5%) dan Rawat Inap 58 (30.5%), keluhan Demam 89 (46.8%), kultur Feses 152 (80%), bakteri terbanyak E.coli 129 (67.9%), Stapylococcus aureus 23 (12.1%), Streptococcus pneumoniae 13 (6.8%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 8(4.2%), Proteus mirabilis 7(3.7%), Klebsiella sp 6(3.2%), S.typhi 4(2.1%), kebiasaan merokok (ya 121(63.7%) tidak 45(23.7%), Cuci tangan (selalu 149(78.4%) kadang-kadang 27(14.2%, tidak tahu 14(7.4%), Pekerjaan (PNS 96(50.5%) dan buruh harian dan nelayan masing-masing 14(7.4%) lain-lain 3(1.6%), konsumsi antiviral 177(93.2%), konsumsi analgetik 169(88.9%), Riwayat konsumsi antibiotik 182(95.8%), tes swab antigen 186(97.9%), suspek diagnosis infeksi ditemukan TB Paru 90(47.4%), Diare 19(10%), ISK 23(12.1%), Psoriasis 13(6.8%), tifoid 12(6.3%), dan terendah Pneumonia 3(1.6%), kusta 2(1.1%). Isolat terbanyak di layanan rawat jalan ditemukan terbanyak adalah E.coli 38(28.8%) dan Stapylococcus aureus 7(5.3%) sedangkan di layanan Rawat Inap terbanyak E.coli 28(48.3%) dan Staphylococcus aureus 5(8.6%). Kesimpulan: Suspek infeksi Rawat Jalan sebanyak 132(69.5%) dan Rawat Inap sebanyak 58(30.5%), suspek penyakit terbanyak Rawat Jalan adalah tuberculosis 88(66.7%) dan Rawat Inap ISK 23(39.6%) dan isolat terbanyak Rawat Jalan adalah E.coli dan S.aureus (28.8%) dan 5.3%) dan Rawat Inap isolat terbanyak E.coli dan S.aureus (48.3%) dan (8.6%).
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Bauman, R.W. (2011). Microbiology with disease by taxonomy. Edisi 3. San Francisco: Pearson Education, Inc.
Beveridge L, Davey PG, Phillips G, McMurdo MET. (2011). Optimal management of urinary tract infection in older people. Dovepress journal
Bien J, Sokolova O, Bozko P. 2012. Role of uropathogenic escherichia coli virulensi factors in development of urinary tract infection and kidney damage. International journal of nephrology.
Baker, S., Jonathan, H, Kenneth E.S, Michael, Q, Goodhead, I, Kingsley,R.A, Parkhill,J, Bruce, S, and Daugan,G. 2017a. A Novel Linear Plasmid Mediates Flagellar Variation in Salmonella typhi. PLoS Pathog; 3(5): e59.
Baker, S., Holt, K., Whitehead, S.,Goodhead, I., Perkins, T., Stocker, B., H, J., Dougan G. 2017b. A linear plasmid truncation induces unidirectional flagellar phase change in H:z66 positive Salmonella typhi. Mol Microbiol. 6(5):1207-18.
Bhan, M.K., Bahl, R. & Bhatnagar, S. 2015, "Typhoid and paratyphoid fever",Lancet, vol. 366, no. 9487, pp. 749-62.
Bonifield H, R., and Kelly, T., H. 2014. Flagellar Phase Variation in Salmonella enterica is Mediated by a Posttranscriptional Control Mechanism. Journal of Bacteriology. Vol 185
No 12: 3567-3574.
Coyle, E.A. & Prince, R.A. (2008). Urinary Tract Infection and Prostatitis In: Dipiro JT, ed.
Pharmacotherapy : A Pathophysiologic Approach. USA: The Mc Graw Hill Medical.
Dinkes Sulawesi Tengah , 2019. Profil Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah
Eka Rahayu Utami, 2012. Antibiotika, resistensi, rasionalitas terapi, jurnal Saintis, Volume 1(1); April – September;ISSN:2089-0699
Gani, A. (2008). Metode Diagnostik Bakteriolog. Makassar: Balai Besar Laboratorium Kesehatan Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan.
Grossman, D. A., Witham, N.D, Burr, G.K. Schoolnik, and J. Parsonett. 2016, Flagellar Serotypes of Salmonella typhi in Indonesia: Relationships among Motility, Invasiveness, and Clinical Illness, The Journal of Infectious Diseases vol. 171. No.6.: 212-216.
Gillespie, S. & Bamford, K. (2009). At a Glance Mikrobiologi Medis dan Infeksi. Edisi ketiga.
Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga.
Harmita & Radji, M. (2008). Buku Ajar Analisis Hayati. Edisi 3. Jakarta: EGC.
Hasyim, H., (2005). Manajemen Hiperkes Dan Keselamatan Kerja Di Rumah Sakit Tinjauan Kegiatan Keselamatan Dan Kesehatan Kerja Di Institusi Sarana Kesehatan. Vol 8 No.2. Yogyakarta: Jurnal Manajemen Pelayanan Kesehatan
Hasyimi, H. M. (2010). Mikrobiologi dan Parasitologi. Jakarta: Trans Info Media.
Hatta, M., dan Ratnawati. 2018. Enteric Fever In Endemic Areas of Indonesia: An Increasing Problem of Resistance. J.Infect.Developing Countries;2(4): 298-301.
Hatta M, Sulthan AR, Pastoor R, Smits HL.2017. New Flagelin Gene for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi from the East Indonesian Archipelago.Am.J.Trop.Med.Hyg.,84(3);pp 429- 434
Ikatan Dokter Indonesia. (2014). Panduan Praktik Klinis Bagi Dokter di Fasilitas Pelayanan Kesehatan Primer Edisi Revisi. Jakarta : PB IDI.
Jha, N., dan Bapat, S.K. (2005). A Study of Sensitivity and Resistance of Pathogenic Microorganisms Causing UTI in Kathmandu Valley. Vol 3, No 2. Kathmandu University Medical Journal.
Kothari, A and Sagar, V., (2008). Antibiotic resistance in pathogens causing community- acquired urinary tract infections in India: a multicenter study. J Infect Dev Ctries
Kementerian Kesehatan RI, 2012. Survei kesehatan dasar Indonesia, Jakarta
Kilger, G and Patrick A.D. 2017. Differentiation of Salmonella Phase 1 Flagellar Antigen Types by Restriction of The Amplified fliC Gene. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. Vol. 31 No. 5; 1108-1110
Matsuura G.T. and N. Barg. 2013. Update on the antimicrobial management of foot Infections in Patients with Diabetes. Clinical Diabetes. 31(2):59-65
Madappa T. 2016. Escherichia coli infections. Available from: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/217 485-overview#showall
Majumder M, Ahmed T, Hossain D, Begum SA. (2014). Bacteriology and antibiotic sensitivity patterns of urinary tract infections in a tertiary hospital in Bangladesh. . Comilla Medical College.
Mandal, B.K., Wilkins, E.G.L., Dunbar, E.M., Mayon-White, R.T. (2008). Lecture Notes :
Penyakit Infeksi. Edisi 6. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga
Michael, W., Davidson, Florida State University. (2015). Molecular Expression Cell Biology and Microscopy Structure and Function of Cell & Viruses: Bacteria Cell Structure. National High Magnetic Field Laboratory. Available from: URL: https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/bacteriacell.html
Muladno. 2015. Seputar Teknologi Rekayasa Genetika. Pustaka Wirausaha Muda, Bogor. McQuiston, J.R., R. Parrenas, M. Ortiz-Rivera, L. Gheesling, F. Brenner, and P.I. Fields. 2017,
Sequencing and comparative analysis of flagellin genes fliC, fliB, and flap from Salmonella, J.Clin. Microbial. 42; 1932.
Nguyen, H.T. (eds), (2004). Bacterial Infection of the Genitourinary Tract. In: Tanagho, E.A.,th and McAninch, J.W., ed. Smith’s General Urology 16 edtion. USA: The McGraw Hill companies
Nandagopal,B.,Sankar,S; Lingesan,K; Appu, Kumarasekharan,C; Padmini, B; Sridharan, G; Gopinath, AK. 2018. Prevalence of Salmonella typhi among Patients with Febrile Illness in Rural and Peri-Urban Populations of Vellore District, as Determined by Nested PCR Targeting the Flagellin Gene. Molecular Diagnosis & Therapy; 14(2):107-112
Pierce, A.G., Neil, R.B. (2006). At a Glance: Ilmu Bedah. Edisi II. Jakarta: Erlangga. Pribakti, B. (2011). Dasar – Dasar Uroginekologi. Jakarta: Sagung Seto.
Purnomo, B. (2014). Dasar- Dasar Urologi Edisi III. Jakarta: Sagung Seto.
Rajabnia, M., Gooran, S., Fazeli, F., Dashipour, A. (2012). Antibiotic resistance pattern in urinary tract infections in Imam-Ali hospital Zahedan (2010-2011). Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Science: Zahedan.
Patrcik Y. Woo, Ami M. Y. Fung, Samson S. Y. Wong, Hoi-Wah Tsoi, and Kwok-Yung Yuen. 2014. Isolation and Characterization of a Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhi Variant and Its Clinical and Public Health Implications. Jurnal of Clinical Microbiology. Vol. 39, No. 3: 1190-1194.
RS Undata, 2019. Laporan Kinerja tahunan Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Undata Palu,
Refdanita, Maksum, R., Nurgani, A., dan Endang, P. (2004). Faktor yang Mempengaruhi ketidaksesuaian Penggunaan antibiotik dengan uji Kepekaan di Ruang Intensif Rumah Sakit Fatmawati Jakarta Tahun 2001-2002, Makalah Kesehatan.
Singh S., M. Khare, R.K. Patidar, S. Bagde, K.N. Sahare, D. Dwevedi and V, Singh. 2013. Antibacterial activities Against Pyogenic Pathogens. Int. Jour. Of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 4(8):2974-2979
Sacher, R. & McPherson, R. (2004). Tinjauan klinis hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium. Edisi 11.
Jakarta: EGC
San, N. M. (2010). Pola Kuman Penyebab Infeksi Saluran Kemih Dan Sensitivitasnya Terhadap Antibiotika Di RSUP H.Adam Malik Periode Januari 2009-Desember 2009. Meedan: FK USU
Saputra, L. (2011). Rangkuman Kasus Klinik: Mikrobiologi dan Penyakit Infeksi. Pamulang: Karisma Publishing Group.
Sari, P.A., Erly , Arisanty, D. (2015). Perbandingan Efektivitas Daya Hambat Kotrimoksazol Generik dan Paten terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Escherichia coli sebagai Penyebab Infeksi Saluran Kemih secara In Vitro. Vol. 3. No. 1. Jurnal Kesehatan Andalas. Diakses dari: URL: http://jurnal.fk.unand.ac.id
Smeltzer, S.C., Bare. (2010). Buku Ajar Keperawatan Medical Bedah Brunner & Suddarth.
Vol.2. Edisi 8. Jakarta: EGC.
Sonavane, A., Mathur, M., Turbadkar, D. and Baradkar, V. (2008). Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern in Urinary Bacterial Isolates. Bombay Hospital Journal
Sudoyo, A.W. et al. (2009). Buku Ajar Ilmu Penyakit Dalam. Edisi V. Jakarta: Interna Publishing.
Susanna, L., Patrick, W; Clair, C; Wai-Lan, W; Gibson, W; Kwok-Yung, Y. 2016. Typhoid fever associated with acute appendicitis caused by an H1-j strain of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi. Journal of clinical microbiology,43(3):1470-2
Sumolang. S.A., Porotu’o, J., Soeliongan, S. (2013). Pola Bakteri pada Penderita Infeksi Saluran Kemih di BLU RSUP PROF. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. Vol 1. No. 1. Jurnal e- Biomedik (eBM). Diakses dari: URL: http://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/index.php/ebiomedik/article/viewFile/4605/4133
Tahar, S.A. (2011). Perilaku Ibu Hamil di Poliklinik Ibu Hamil RSUP Haji Adam Malik terhadap Infeksi Saluran Kemih (Isk) dalam Kehamilan Tahun 2011. Medan : Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sumatera Utara. Diakses dari: URL:http://repository.usu.ac.id/handle/123456789/31308
Widyati. (2016). Praktik Farmasi Klinik, Fokus pada Pharmaceutical Care. Edisi 2. Sidoarjo: Penerbit Brilian Internasional.
World Health Organization (2011) Urinary tract infections in infants and children in developing countries in the context of IMCI. Department of child and adolescent health and devel.
WHO, 2022 Antimicrobial resistance, drug resistance in bacteria. diakses 20 februari 2022 https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antibiotic-resistance
Xu, S., Zhang, H., Sheng, X., Xu, H., Huang, X. 2018. Transcriptional Expression Of Fljb:Z66, A Flagellin Gene Located On A Novel Linear Plasmid Of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Under Environmental Stresses. The New Microbiologica. vol. 31, no2, pp. 241- 247.
Yuwono,T. 2016, Teori dan Aplikasi Polymerase Chain Reaction, Panduan Eksperimen PCR untuk Memecahkan Masalah Biologi Terkini, Penerbit Andi, Yogyakarta.
Zhou, L and Pollard, A.J. 2018. A fast and highly sensitive blood culture PCR method for clinical detection of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi.
Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials, 9:14:1-8.
